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questions of a different order

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1 order

order ['ɔ:də(r)]

ordre ⇒ 1 (a)-(c), 1 (g), 1 (h), 1 (j)-(m) instruction ⇒ 1 (c) commande ⇒ 1 (d) mandat ⇒ 1 (e) ordonnance ⇒ 1 (f) état ⇒ 1 (i) classe ⇒ 1 (j) espèce ⇒ 1 (j) ordonner ⇒ 2 (a) commander ⇒ 2 (b), 3 organiser ⇒ 2 (c) classer ⇒ 2 (d) afin que ⇒ 6 afin de ⇒ 7

1 noun

(a) (sequence, arrangement) ordre m;

∎ in alphabetical/chronological order par ordre alphabétique/chronologique;

∎ in ascending order of importance par ordre croissant d'importance;

∎ can you put the figures in the right order? pouvez-vous classer les chiffres dans le bon ordre?;

∎ let's do things in order faisons les choses en ordre;

∎ what was the order of events? dans quel ordre les événements se sont-ils déroulés?;

∎ they have two boys and a girl, in that order ils ont deux garçons et une fille, dans cet ordre;

∎ Theatre in order of appearance par ordre d'entrée en scène; Cinema & Television par ordre d'apparition à l'écran;

∎ in order of age par rang d'âge;

∎ we were called to the platform, in order of precedence on était appelés à la tribune par ordre de préséance;

∎ battle order ordre m de bataille

(b) (organization, tidiness) ordre m;

∎ to put one's affairs/books in order mettre de l'ordre dans ses affaires/livres, ranger ses affaires/livres;

∎ the magazines are all out of order les magazines sont tous dérangés;

∎ to get one's ideas in order mettre de l'ordre dans ses idées;

∎ she needs to get some order into her life elle a besoin de mettre un peu d'ordre dans sa vie;

∎ figurative to set one's house in order remettre de l'ordre dans ses affaires

(c) (command) ordre m; (instruction) instruction f; Military ordre m, consigne f;

∎ to give sb orders to do sth ordonner à qn de faire qch;

∎ to give the order to open fire donner l'ordre d'ouvrir le feu;

∎ the Queen gave the order for the prisoner to be executed la reine ordonna que le prisonnier soit exécuté;

∎ Harry loves giving orders Harry adore donner des ordres;

∎ we have orders to wait here on a reçu l'ordre d'attendre ici;

∎ our orders are to… nous avons l'ordre de…;

∎ I'm just following orders je ne fais qu'exécuter les ordres;

∎ and that's an order! et c'est un ordre!;

∎ I don't have to take orders from you je n'ai pas d'ordres à recevoir de vous;

∎ orders are orders les ordres sont les ordres;

∎ on my order, line up in twos à mon commandement, mettez-vous en rangs par deux;

∎ on doctor's orders sur ordre du médecin;

∎ to be under sb's orders être sous les ordres de qn;

∎ I am under orders to say nothing j'ai reçu l'ordre de ne rien dire;

∎ by order of the King par ordre du roi, de par le roi;

∎ until further orders jusqu'à nouvel ordre;

∎ Finance order to sell ordre m de vente;

∎ Finance order to pay mandat m ou ordonnance f de paiement

(d) Commerce (request for goods) commande f; (goods ordered) marchandises fpl commandées; American (portion) part f;

∎ to place an order for sth passer (une) commande de qch;

∎ to place an order with sb, to give sb an order passer une commande à qn, commander qch à qn;

∎ another firm got the order ils ont passé la commande auprès d'une autre compagnie;

∎ the books are on order les livres ont été commandés;

∎ your order has now arrived votre commande est arrivée;

∎ to fill an order exécuter une commande;

∎ as per order conformément à votre commande;

∎ can I take your order? (in restaurant) avez-vous choisi?;

∎ have you given your order? (in restaurant) est-ce que vous avez commandé?;

∎ American an order of French fries une portion de frites

(e) Finance

∎ (money) order mandat m;

∎ pay to the order of A. Jones payez à l'ordre de A. Jones;

∎ pay A. Jones or order payer à A. Jones ou à son ordre;

∎ by order and for account of A. Jones d'ordre et pour compte de A. Jones;

∎ cheque to order chèque m à ordre

(f) Law ordonnance f, arrêté m;

∎ he was served with an order for the seizure of his property il a reçu une ordonnance pour la saisie de ses biens

(g) (discipline, rule) ordre m, discipline f;

∎ to keep order (police) maintenir l'ordre; School maintenir la discipline;

∎ children need to be kept in order les enfants ont besoin de discipline;

∎ to restore order rétablir l'ordre; (in meeting) ordre m;

∎ to call sb to order rappeler qn à l'ordre;

∎ to be ruled out of order être en infraction avec le règlement;

∎ order! de l'ordre!;

∎ he's out of order ce qu'il a dit/fait était déplacé

(h) (system) ordre m établi;

∎ the old order l'ordre ancien;

∎ in the order of things dans l'ordre des choses;

∎ Politics order of the day ordre m du jour;

∎ to be the order of the day (common) être à l'ordre du jour; (fashionable) être au goût du jour

(i) (functioning state)

∎ in working order en état de marche ou de fonctionnement;

∎ in good/perfect order en bon/parfait état

(j) (class) classe f, ordre m; (rank) ordre m; (kind) espèce f, genre m;

∎ the lower orders les ordres inférieurs;

∎ research work of the highest order un travail de recherche de tout premier ordre;

∎ British a crook of the first order un escroc de grande envergure;

∎ questions of a different order des questions d'un autre ordre;

∎ order of magnitude ordre de grandeur;

∎ a disaster/a project/an investment of this order (of magnitude) un désastre/un projet/des investissements de cette envergure

(k) (decoration) ordre m

(l) Religion ordre m;

∎ the Order of St Benedict l'ordre de saint Benoît

(m) Architecture, Botany & Zoology ordre m

2 transitive verb

(a) (command) ordonner;

∎ to order sb to do sth ordonner à qn de faire qch;

∎ the Queen ordered that the prisoner (should) be executed la reine donna l'ordre d'exécuter le prisonnier;

∎ the doctor ordered him to rest for three weeks le médecin lui a prescrit trois semaines de repos;

∎ the government ordered an inquiry into the disaster le gouvernement a ordonné l'ouverture d'une enquête sur la catastrophe;

∎ Law he was ordered to pay costs il a été condamné aux dépens;

∎ the minister ordered the drug to be banned le ministre a ordonné de faire retirer le médicament de la vente;

∎ to order sb back/in/out donner à qn l'ordre de reculer/d'entrer/de sortir;

∎ we were ordered out of the room on nous a ordonné de quitter la pièce;

∎ she ordered the children to bed elle a ordonné aux enfants d'aller se coucher;

∎ Military to order sb to do sth donner l'ordre à qn de faire qch;

∎ they were ordered (to return) home on leur donna ou ils reçurent l'ordre de regagner leurs foyers;

∎ the troops were ordered to the Mediterranean les troupes ont reçu l'ordre de gagner la Méditerranée

(b) Commerce (meal, goods) commander;

∎ he ordered himself a beer il a commandé une bière

(c) (organize → society) organiser; (→ ideas, thoughts) mettre de l'ordre dans; (→ affairs) régler, mettre en ordre;

∎ a peaceful, well-ordered existence une existence paisible et bien réglée

(d) Botany & Zoology classer

3 intransitive verb

commander, passer une commande;

∎ would you like to order now? (in restaurant) voulez-vous commander maintenant?

4 by order of preposition

par ordre de;

∎ by order of the Court sur décision du tribunal

5 in order adjective

(a) (valid) en règle

(b) (acceptable) approprié, admissible;

∎ it is quite in order for you to leave rien ne s'oppose à ce que vous partiez;

∎ I think lunch is in order je pense qu'il est temps de faire une pause pour le déjeuner;

∎ an apology is in order des excuses s'imposent

6 in order that conjunction

afin que;

∎ in order that no one goes home empty-handed afin que nul ne rentre chez soi les mains vides

7 in order to conjunction

afin de;

∎ in order to simplify things afin de simplifier les choses;

∎ in order not to upset you pour éviter de vous faire de la peine

8 in the order of, of the order of, American on the order of preposition

de l'ordre de;

∎ a sum British in or of or American on the order of £500 une somme de l'ordre de 500 livres

9 out of order adjective

(machine, TV) en panne; (phone) en dérangement;

∎ out of order (sign) hors service, en panne

10 to order adverb

sur commande;

∎ British she's one of these people who can cry to order elle fait partie de ces gens qui arrivent à pleurer sur commande;

∎ I can't do it to order ça ne se commande pas;

∎ also figurative to be made to order être fait sur commande;

∎ he had a suit made to order il s'est fait faire un costume sur mesures

►► the Order of the Bath l'ordre m du Bain;

order book carnet m de commandes;

∎ our order books are empty/full nos carnets de commandes sont vides/pleins;

Marketing order cycle cycle m de commande;

order cycle time durée f du cycle de commande;

order form bon m de commande;

the Order of the Garter l'ordre m de la Jarretière;

the Order of Merit l'ordre m du Mérite;

order number numéro m de commande;

Politics order paper (feuille f de l') ordre m du jour;

the Order of the Thistle l'ordre m du Chardon

➲ order about, order around separable transitive verb

commander;

∎ he likes ordering people about il adore régenter son monde;

∎ I refuse to be ordered about! je n'ai pas d'ordres à recevoir!

➲ order in separable transitive verb

(a) (supplies) commander

(b) (troops) faire intervenir

➲ order off separable transitive verb

Sport expulser

Un panorama unique de l'anglais et du français > order
2 order

1. noun
1) (sequence) Reihenfolge, die

word order — Wortstellung, die

in order of importance/size/age — nach Wichtigkeit/Größe/Alter

put something in order — etwas [in der richtigen Reihenfolge] ordnen

keep something in order — etwas in der richtigen Reihenfolge halten

answer the questions in order — die Fragen der Reihe nach beantworten

out of order — nicht in der richtigen Reihenfolge

2) (normal state) Ordnung, die

put or set something/one's affairs in order — Ordnung in etwas bringen/seine Angelegenheiten ordnen

be/not be in order — in Ordnung/nicht in Ordnung sein (ugs.)

be out of/in order — (not in/in working condition) nicht funktionieren/funktionieren

‘out of order’ — "außer Betrieb"

in good/bad order — in gutem/schlechtem Zustand

in working order — betriebsfähig

3) in sing. and pl. (command) Anweisung, die; Anordnung, die; (Mil.) Befehl, der; (Law) Beschluss, der; Verfügung, die

my orders are to..., I have orders to... — ich habe Anweisung zu...

while following orders — bei Befolgung der Anweisung

act on orders — auf Befehl handeln

orders are orders — Befehl ist Befehl

court order — Gerichtsbeschluss, der

by order of — auf Anordnung (+ Gen.)

4)

in order to do something — um etwas zu tun

in order that somebody should do something — damit jemand etwas tut

5) (Commerc.) Auftrag, der ( for über + Akk.); Bestellung, die ( for Gen.); Order, die (Kaufmannsspr.); (to waiter, ordered goods) Bestellung, die

place an order [with somebody] — [jemandem] einen Auftrag erteilen

have something on order — etwas bestellt haben

made to order — nach Maß angefertigt, maßgeschneidert [Kleidung]

6) (law-abiding state)

keep order — Ordnung [be]wahren; see also academic.ru/42004/law">law 2)

7) (Eccl.) Orden, der

holy orders — heilige Weihen

8)

Order! Order! — zur Ordnung!; Ruhe bitte!

Call somebody/the meeting to order — jemanden/die Versammlung zur Ordnung rufen

point of order — Verfahrensfrage, die

be in order — zulässig sein; (fig.) [Forderung:] berechtigt sein; [Drink, Erklärung:] angebracht sein

it is in order for him to do that — (fig.) es ist in Ordnung, wenn er das tut (ugs.)

be out of order — (unacceptable) gegen die Geschäftsordnung verstoßen; [Verhalten, Handlung:] unzulässig sein

9) (kind, degree) Klasse, die; Art, die

10) (Finance) Order, die

[banker's] order — [Bank]anweisung, die

‘pay to the order of...’ — "zahlbar an..." (+ Akk.)

11)

order [of magnitude] — Größenordnung, die

of or in the order of... — in der Größenordnung von...

a scoundrel of the first order — (fig. coll.) ein Schurke ersten Ranges
2. transitive verb
1) (command) befehlen; anordnen; [Richter:] verfügen; verordnen [Arznei, Ruhe usw.]

order somebody to do something — jemanden anweisen/(Milit.) jemandem befehlen, etwas zu tun

order something [to be] done — anordnen, dass etwas getan wird

order somebody out of the house — jemanden aus dem Haus weisen

2) (direct the supply of) bestellen ( from bei); ordern [Kaufmannsspr.]

order in advance — vorbestellen

3) (arrange) ordnen

Phrasal Verbs:

- order about

- order off

* * *
['o:də] 1. noun
1) (a statement (by a person in authority) of what someone must do; a command: He gave me my orders.) die Anordnung

2) (an instruction to supply something: orders from Germany for special gates.) der Auftrag

3) (something supplied: Your order is nearly ready.) die Bestellung

4) (a tidy state: The house is in (good) order.) ordentlicher Zustand

5) (a system or method: I must have order in my life.) die Ordnung

6) (an arrangement (of people, things etc) in space, time etc: in alphabetical order; in order of importance.) die Reihenfolge

7) (a peaceful condition: law and order.) öffentliche Ordnung

8) (a written instruction to pay money: a banker's order.) die Order

9) (a group, class, rank or position: This is a list of the various orders of plants; the social order.) die Ordnung

10) (a religious society, especially of monks: the Benedictine order.) der Orden
2. verb
1) (to tell (someone) to do something (from a position of authority): He ordered me to stand up.) befehlen

2) (to give an instruction to supply: I have ordered some new furniture from the shop; He ordered a steak.) bestellen

3) (to put in order: Should we order these alphabetically?) ordnen

•

- orderly
3. noun
1) (a hospital attendant who does routine jobs.) der/die Sanitäter(in)

2) (a soldier who carries an officer's orders and messages.) der Offiziersbursche

•

- orderliness
- order-form
- in order
- in order that
- in order
- in order to
- made to order
- on order
- order about
- out of order
- a tall order
* * *

or·der

[ˈɔ:dəʳ, AM ˈɔ:rdɚ]

I. NOUN

1. no pl (being tidy, organized) Ordnung f

to bring some \order into a system/one's life etwas Ordnung in ein System/sein Leben bringen

in \order in Ordnung

to leave sth in \order etw in [einem] ordentlichem Zustand hinterlassen

to put sth in \order etw ordnen [o in Ordnung bringen]

to put one's affairs in \order seine Angelegenheiten ordnen [o in Ordnung bringen

2. no pl (sequence) Reihenfolge f

the children lined up in \order of age die Kinder stellten sich dem Alter nach auf

in \order of preference in der bevorzugten Reihenfolge

in alphabetical/chronological/reverse \order in alphabetischer/chronologischer/umgekehrter Reihenfolge

to sort sth in \order of date/importance/price etw nach Datum/Wichtigkeit/Preis sortieren

to be out of \order durcheinandergeraten sein

running \order BRIT Programm nt, Programmablauf m

word \order Wortstellung f

3. (command) Befehl m, Anordnung f; LAW Verfügung f; COMPUT Anweisung f, Befehl m

\orders are \orders Befehl ist Befehl

they are under \orders to maintain silence sie sind gehalten, Schweigen zu bewahren geh

court \order richterliche Verfügung, Gerichtsbeschluss m

doctor's \orders ärztliche Anweisung

by \order of the police auf polizeiliche Anordnung hin

to give/receive an \order eine Anweisung [o einen Befehl] erteilen/erhalten

to take \orders from sb von jdm Anweisungen entgegennehmen

I won't take \order from you! du hast mir gar nichts zu befehlen!

if you don't learn to take \orders, you're going to have a hard time wenn du nicht lernst, dir etwas sagen zu lassen, wirst du es schwer haben

4. (in a restaurant) Bestellung f; (portion) Portion f

your \order will be ready in a minute, sir Ihre Bestellung kommt gleich!

we'll take three \orders of chicken nuggets wir nehmen drei Mal die Chickennuggets

to take an \order eine Bestellung entgegennehmen

5. COMM (request) Bestellung f; (to make sth also) Auftrag m

to be on \order bestellt sein

done [or made] to \order auf Bestellung [o nach Auftrag] [an]gefertigt

to put in an \order eine Bestellung aufgeben; (to make sth also) einen Auftrag erteilen

to take an \order eine Bestellung aufnehmen; (to make sth also) einen Auftrag aufnehmen

6. FIN Zahlungsanweisung f, Order m fachspr

pay to the \order of Mr Smith zahlbar an Herrn Smith

banker's [or standing] \order Dauerauftrag m

money \order Postanweisung f

7. STOCKEX Order m

market \order Bestensauftrag m fachspr

stop-loss \order Stop-Loss-Auftrag m fachspr

good-till-canceled \order AM Auftrag m bis auf Widerruf

fill or kill \order Sofortauftrag m

8. no pl (observance of rules, correct behaviour) Ordnung f; (discipline) Disziplin f

\order! [\order!] please quieten down! Ruhe bitte! seien Sie bitte leise!

to be in \order in Ordnung sein

is it in \order for me to park my car here? ist es in Ordnung, wenn ich mein Auto hier parke?

to be out of \order BRIT ( fam) person sich akk danebenbenehmen fam; behaviour aus dem Rahmen fallen, nicht in Ordnung sein

your behaviour was well out of \order dein Verhalten fiel ziemlich aus dem Rahmen [o war absolut nicht in Ordnung]

you were definitely out of \order du hast dich völlig danebenbenommen fam

to keep [a class in] \order [in einer Klasse] Ordnung wahren; (maintain discipline) die Disziplin [in einer Klasse] aufrechterhalten

to restore \order die Ordnung wiederherstellen

9. no pl POL, ADMIN (prescribed procedure) Verfahrensweise f; (in the House of Commons) Geschäftsordnung f

\order of the day Tagesordnung f, Traktandenliste f SCHWEIZ

to bring a meeting to \order eine Sitzung zur Rückkehr zur Tagesordnung aufrufen

to raise a point of \order eine Anfrage zur Geschäftsordnung haben

rules of \order Verfahrensregeln pl

\order of service Gottesdienstordnung f

to call to \order das Zeichen zum Beginn geben

to call a meeting to \order (ask to behave) eine Versammlung zur Ordnung rufen; (open officially) einen Sitzung eröffnen

10. no pl (condition) Zustand f

to be in good \order sich in gutem Zustand befinden, in einem guten Zustand sein; (work well) in Ordnung sein, gut funktionieren

to be in working [or running] \order (ready for use) funktionsbereit [o betriebsbereit] sein; (functioning) funktionieren

to be out of \order (not ready for use) nicht betriebsbereit sein; (not working) nicht funktionieren, kaputt sein fam

“out of \order” „außer Betrieb“

11. no pl (intention)

▪ in \order to do sth um etw zu tun

he came home early in \order to see the children er kam früh nach Hause, um die Kinder zu sehen

▪ in \order for... damit...

in \order for us to do our work properly, you have to supply us with the parts wenn korrekt arbeiten sollen, müssen Sie uns die Teile liefern

▪ in \order that... damit...

in \order that you get into college, you have to study hard um aufs College gehen zu können, musst du viel lernen

12. (type) Art f; (dimension)

\order [of magnitude] Größenordnung f

of a completely different \order (type) völlig anderer Art; (dimension) in einer völlig anderen Größenordnung

of the highest \order (quantity) hochgradig; (quality) von höchster Qualität

of [or in] the \order of sth in der Größenordnung einer S. gen

this project will cost in the \order of £5000 das Projekt wird ungefähr 500 Pfund kosten

13. (system, constitution) Ordnung f

a new world \order eine neue Weltordnung

14. usu pl BRIT (social class) Schicht f; (social rank) [gesellschaftlicher] Rang

the higher/lower \orders die oberen/unteren Bevölkerungsschichten

15. BIOL (category) Ordnung f

16. REL (society) [geistlicher] Orden

Jesuit O\order Jesuitenorden m

17. (elite) Orden m

O\order of the Garters Hosenbandorden m

O\order of Merit Verdienstorden m

Masonic O\order Freimaurerloge f

18. ARCHIT Säulenordnung f

Doric/Ionic \order dorische/ionische Säulenordnung

19. MATH Ordnung f

equations of the second \order Ableitungen erster Ordnung pl

20. REL (priesthood)

▪ \orders pl Weihe f

to take the \orders die Weihe empfangen

21.

▶ to be the \order of the day an der Tagesordnung sein

II. INTRANSITIVE VERB

bestellen

are you ready to \order? möchten Sie schon bestellen?

III. TRANSITIVE VERB

1. (decide, decree)

▪ to \order sth etw anordnen [o befehlen]

police \ordered the disco closed die Polizei ordnete die Schließung der Diskothek an

2. (command)

▪ to \order sb to do sth jdm befehlen [o jdn anweisen] etw zu tun

the doctor \ordered him to stay in bed der Arzt verordnete ihm Bettruhe

▪ to \order sb out jdn zum Verlassen auffordern, jdn hinausbeordern

3. (in a restaurant)

▪ to \order sth etw bestellen

4. COMM (request)

▪ to \order sth etw bestellen; (to be made also) etw in Auftrag geben

5. (arrange)

▪ to \order sth etw ordnen

to \order one's thoughts seine Gedanken ordnen

* * *
['ɔːdə(r)]
1. n

1) (= sequence) (Reihen)folge f, (An)ordnung f

word order — Wortstellung f, Wortfolge f

are they in order/in the right order? — sind sie geordnet/in der richtigen Reihenfolge?

in order of preference/merit — in der bevorzugten/in der ihren Auszeichnungen entsprechenden Reihenfolge

to put sth in (the right) order — etw ordnen

to be in the wrong order or out of order — durcheinander sein; (one item) nicht am richtigen Platz sein

to get out of order — durcheinandergeraten; (one item) an eine falsche Stelle kommen

See:

→ cast

2) (= system) Ordnung f

there's no order in his work — seiner Arbeit fehlt die Systematik

he has no sense of order — er hat kein Gefühl für Systematik or Methode

the order of the world — die Weltordnung

it is in the order of things — es liegt in der Natur der Dinge

a new social/political order — eine neue soziale/politische Ordnung

3) (= tidy or satisfactory state) Ordnung f

his passport was in order — sein Pass war in Ordnung

to put or set one's life/affairs in order — Ordnung in sein Leben/seine Angelegenheiten bringen

4) (= discipline) (in society) Ordnung f; (in school, team) Disziplin f, Ordnung f

to keep order — die Ordnung wahren, die Disziplin aufrechterhalten

to keep the children in order — die Kinder unter Kontrolle halten

or the courtroom (US)! — Ruhe im Gerichtssaal!

order, order! — Ruhe!

5) (= working condition) Zustand m

to be in good order — in gutem Zustand sein

to be out of/in order (car, radio, telephone) — nicht funktionieren/funktionieren; (machine, lift also) außer/in Betrieb sein

"out of order" — "außer Betrieb"

See:

→ working

6) (= command) Befehl m, Order f (old, hum)

by order of the court — laut gerichtlicher Anweisung

orders are orders — Befehl ist Befehl

"no parking/smoking by order" — "Parken/Rauchen verboten!"

"no parking - by order of the Town Council" — "Parken verboten - die Stadtverwaltung"

by order of the minister — auf Anordnung des Ministers

I don't take orders from anyone — ich lasse mir von niemandem befehlen

to be under orders to do sth — Instruktionen haben, etw zu tun

until further orders — bis auf weiteren Befehl

7) (in restaurant etc COMM) Bestellung f; (= contract to manufacture or supply) Auftrag m

to place an order with sb — eine Bestellung bei jdm aufgeben or machen/jdm einen Auftrag geben

to put sth on order — etw in Bestellung/Auftrag geben

to be on order — bestellt sein

two orders of French fries (esp US) — zwei Portionen Pommes frites

made to order — auf Bestellung (gemacht or hergestellt)

8) (FIN)

to order — Orderscheck m, Namensscheck m

pay to the order of — zahlbar an (+acc)

pay X or Order — (zahlbar) an X oder dessen Order

9)

in order to do sth — um etw zu tun

in order that — damit

10)

(= correct procedure at meeting PARL ETC) a point of order — eine Verfahrensfrage

to be out of order — gegen die Verfahrensordnung verstoßen; ( Jur : evidence ) unzulässig sein; (fig) aus dem Rahmen fallen

to call sb to order — jdn ermahnen, sich an die Verfahrensordnung zu halten

to call the meeting/delegates to order —

an explanation/a drink would seem to be in order — eine Erklärung/ein Drink wäre angebracht

congratulations are in order — Glückwünsche sind angebracht

is it in order for me to go to Paris? — ist es in Ordnung, wenn ich nach Paris fahre?

his demand is quite in order — seine Forderung ist völlig berechtigt

what's the order of the day? — was steht auf dem Programm (also fig) or auf der Tagesordnung?; (Mil) wie lautet der Tagesbefehl?

11) (ARCHIT) Säulenordnung f; (fig = class, degree) Art f

intelligence of a high or the first order — hochgradige Intelligenz

the present crisis is of a different order — die gegenwärtige Krise ist andersgeartet

something in the order of ten per cent — in der Größenordnung von zehn Prozent

something in the order of one in ten applicants — etwa einer von zehn Bewerbern

12) (MIL: formation) Ordnung f

13) (social) Schicht f

the higher/lower orders — die oberen/unteren Schichten

the order of baronets — der Freiherrnstand

14) (ECCL of monks etc) Orden m

Benedictine order — Benediktinerorden m

15) orderspl

(holy) orders (Eccl) — Weihe(n) f(pl); (of priesthood) Priesterweihe f

to take (holy) orders — die Weihen empfangen

he is in (holy) orders — er gehört dem geistlichen Stand an

16) (= honour, society of knights) Orden m

Order of Merit (Brit) — Verdienstorden m

See:

→ garter

2. vt

1) (= command, decree) sth befehlen, anordnen; (= prescribe doctor) verordnen (for sb jdm)

to order sb to do sth — jdn etw tun heißen (geh), jdm befehlen or (doctor) verordnen, etw zu tun; (esp Mil) jdn dazu beordern, etw zu tun

to order sb's arrest —

he was ordered to be quiet (in public) the army was ordered to retreat — man befahl ihm, still zu sein er wurde zur Ruhe gerufen dem Heer wurde der Rückzug befohlen

he ordered his gun to be brought (to him) — er ließ sich (dat) sein Gewehr bringen

to order sb out/home — jdn heraus-/heimbeordern (form, hum) or -rufen

2) (= direct, arrange) one's affairs, life ordnen

to order arms (Mil) — das Gewehr abnehmen

3) (COMM ETC) goods, dinner, taxi bestellen; (to be manufactured) ship, suit, machinery etc in Auftrag geben (from sb bei jdm)

3. vi
bestellen
* * *

order [ˈɔː(r)də(r)]

A s

1. Ordnung f, geordneter Zustand:

love of order Ordnungsliebe f;

bring some order into Ordnung bringen in (akk);

keep order Ordnung halten; → Bes Redew

2. (öffentliche) Ordnung:

order was restored die Ordnung wurde wiederhergestellt

3. Ordnung f ( auch BIOL Kategorie), System n ( auch BOT):

the old order was upset die alte Ordnung wurde umgestoßen

4. (An)Ordnung f, Reihenfolge f:

order of precedence ( oder priority) Rangordnung;

in order of importance nach Wichtigkeit; → alphabetic

5. Ordnung f, Aufstellung f:

in close (open) order MIL in geschlossener (geöffneter) Ordnung

6. MIL vorschriftsmäßige Uniform und Ausrüstung: → marching A

7. PARL etc (Geschäfts)Ordnung f:

a call to order ein Ordnungsruf;

call to order zur Ordnung rufen;

rise to (a point of) order zur Geschäftsordnung sprechen;

rule sb out of order jemandem das Wort entziehen;

order of the day, order of business Tagesordnung ( → A 10);

be the order of the day auf der Tagesordnung stehen (a. fig);

pass to the order of the day zur Tagesordnung übergehen

8. Zustand m:

in bad order nicht in Ordnung, in schlechtem Zustand;

in good order in Ordnung, in gutem Zustand

9. LING (Satz)Stellung f, Wortfolge f

10. Befehl m, Instruktion f ( beide auch IT), Anordnung f:

orders are orders Befehl ist Befehl;

order in council POL Br Kabinettsbefehl;

give orders ( oder an order, the order) for sth to be done ( oder that sth [should] be done) Befehl geben, etwas zu tun oder dass etwas getan werde;

order of the day MIL Tagesbefehl ( → A 7); → marching A

11. Verfügung f, Befehl m, Auftrag m:

order to pay Zahlungsbefehl, -anweisung f;

order of remittance Überweisungsauftrag

12. JUR (Gerichts) Beschluss m, Verfügung f, Befehl m:

release order Freilassungsbeschluss; → mandamus

13. Art f, Klasse f, Grad m, Rang m:

of a high order von hohem Rang;

of quite another order von ganz anderer Art

14. MATH Ordnung f, Grad m:

equation of the first order Gleichung f ersten Grades

15. (Größen)Ordnung f:

of ( oder in) (US on) the order of in der Größenordnung von

16. Klasse f, (Gesellschafts)Schicht f:

the military order der Soldatenstand

17. a) Orden m (Gemeinschaft von Personen)

b) (geistlicher) Orden:

the Franciscan Order der Franziskanerorden

c) auch order of knighthood HIST (Ritter)Orden m

18. Orden m:

Knight of the Order of the Garter Ritter m des Hosenbandordens; → bath² A 7, thistle

19. Ordenszeichen n: → Order of Merit 1

20. REL

a) Weihe(stufe) f:

major orders höhere Weihen

b) pl, meist holy orders (heilige) Weihen pl, Priesterweihe f:

take (holy) orders die heiligen Weihen empfangen, in den geistlichen Stand treten;

be in (holy) orders dem geistlichen Stand angehören

21. REL Ordnung f (der Messe etc):

order of confession Beichtordnung

22. Ordnung f, Chor m (der Engel):

Order of the Seraphim

23. ARCH (Säulen)Ordnung f:

Doric order dorische Säulenordnung

24. ARCH Stil m

25. WIRTSCH Bestellung f (auch Ware), Auftrag m ( for für):

give ( oder place) an order einen Auftrag erteilen, eine Bestellung aufgeben oder machen;

make to order

a) auf Bestellung anfertigen,

b) nach Maß anfertigen;

shoes made to order Maßschuhe; → tall A 4

26. a) Bestellung f (im Restaurant etc):

last orders, please Br die letzten Bestellungen!, (etwa) Polizeistunde!

b) umg Portion f

27. WIRTSCH Order f (Zahlungsauftrag):

pay to sb’s order an jemandes Order zahlen;

pay to the order of (Wechselindossament) für mich an (akk);

payable to order zahlbar an Order;

own order eigene Order;

check (Br cheque) to order Orderscheck m

28. besonders Br Einlassschein m, besonders Freikarte f

B v/t

1. jemandem oder eine Sache befehlen, etwas anordnen:

he ordered the bridge to be built er befahl, die Brücke zu bauen;

he ordered him to come er befahl ihm zu kommen, er ließ ihn kommen

2. jemanden schicken, beordern ( beide:

to nach):

order sb home jemanden nach Hause schicken;

order sb out of one’s house jemanden aus seinem Haus weisen;

order sb off the field SPORT jemanden vom Platz stellen

3. MED jemandem etwas verordnen:

order sb to (stay in) bed jemandem Bettruhe verordnen

4. Bücher, ein Glas Bier etc bestellen

5. regeln, leiten, führen

6. MIL das Gewehr bei Fuß stellen:

order arms! Gewehr ab!

7. fig ordnen:

order one’s affairs seine Angelegenheiten in Ordnung bringen, sein Haus bestellen;

an ordered life ein geordnetes Leben

C v/i

1. befehlen, Befehle geben

2. Auftäge erteilen, Bestellungen machen:

are you ready to order now? (im Restaurant) haben Sie schon gewählt?;

have you ordered yet? (im Restaurant) haben Sie schon bestellt?Besondere Redewendungen: at the order MIL Gewehr bei Fuß;

by order

a) befehls- oder auftragsgemäß,

b) im Auftrag (abk i.A.; vor der Unterschrift) by ( oder on) order of

a) auf Befehl von (od gen),

b) im Auftrag von (od gen),

c) WIRTSCH auf Order von (od gen) in order

a) in Ordnung (a. fig gut, richtig),

b) der Reihe nach, in der richtigen Reihenfolge,

c) in Übereinstimmung mit der Geschäftsordnung, zulässig,

d) angebracht in order to um zu;

the meeting has been adjourned in order for me to prepare my speech damit ich meine Rede vorbereiten kann;

in order that … damit …;

in short order US umg sofort, unverzüglich;

keep in order in Ordnung halten, instand halten;

put in order in Ordnung bringen;

set in order ordnen;

on order WIRTSCH

a) auf oder bei Bestellung,

b) bestellt, in Auftrag on the order of

a) nach Art von (od gen),

b) auch on orders of WIRTSCH bei Abnahme oder Bezug von (od gen)

c) auch on orders of auf Befehl von (od gen) out of order nicht in Ordnung:

a) in Unordnung,

b) defekt,

c) MED gestört,

d) im Widerspruch zur Geschäftsordnung, unzulässig I know I am out of order in saying that … ich weiß, es ist unangebracht, wenn ich sage, dass …;

till further orders

a) bis auf weiteren Befehl,

b) bis auf Weiteres order

a) befehlsgemäß,

b) auftragsgemäß,

c) → A 25,

d) → A 27 be under ( oder have) orders to do sth Befehl oder Order haben, etwas zu tun;

be just under orders nur Befehle ausführen;

my orders are to do sth ich habe Befehl, etwas zu tun

ord. abk

1. order

2. ordinal

3. ordinance

4. ordinary gewöhnl.

* * *
1. noun
1) (sequence) Reihenfolge, die

word order — Wortstellung, die

in order of importance/size/age — nach Wichtigkeit/Größe/Alter

put something in order — etwas [in der richtigen Reihenfolge] ordnen

keep something in order — etwas in der richtigen Reihenfolge halten

answer the questions in order — die Fragen der Reihe nach beantworten

out of order — nicht in der richtigen Reihenfolge

2) (normal state) Ordnung, die

put or set something/one's affairs in order — Ordnung in etwas bringen/seine Angelegenheiten ordnen

be/not be in order — in Ordnung/nicht in Ordnung sein (ugs.)

be out of/in order — (not in/in working condition) nicht funktionieren/funktionieren

‘out of order’ — "außer Betrieb"

in good/bad order — in gutem/schlechtem Zustand

in working order — betriebsfähig

3) in sing. and pl. (command) Anweisung, die; Anordnung, die; (Mil.) Befehl, der; (Law) Beschluss, der; Verfügung, die

my orders are to..., I have orders to... — ich habe Anweisung zu...

while following orders — bei Befolgung der Anweisung

act on orders — auf Befehl handeln

orders are orders — Befehl ist Befehl

court order — Gerichtsbeschluss, der

by order of — auf Anordnung (+ Gen.)

4)

in order to do something — um etwas zu tun

in order that somebody should do something — damit jemand etwas tut

5) (Commerc.) Auftrag, der ( for über + Akk.); Bestellung, die ( for Gen.); Order, die (Kaufmannsspr.); (to waiter, ordered goods) Bestellung, die

place an order [with somebody] — [jemandem] einen Auftrag erteilen

have something on order — etwas bestellt haben

made to order — nach Maß angefertigt, maßgeschneidert [Kleidung]

6) (law-abiding state)

keep order — Ordnung [be]wahren; see also law 2)

7) (Eccl.) Orden, der

holy orders — heilige Weihen

8)

Order! Order! — zur Ordnung!; Ruhe bitte!

Call somebody/the meeting to order — jemanden/die Versammlung zur Ordnung rufen

point of order — Verfahrensfrage, die

be in order — zulässig sein; (fig.) [Forderung:] berechtigt sein; [Drink, Erklärung:] angebracht sein

it is in order for him to do that — (fig.) es ist in Ordnung, wenn er das tut (ugs.)

be out of order — (unacceptable) gegen die Geschäftsordnung verstoßen; [Verhalten, Handlung:] unzulässig sein

9) (kind, degree) Klasse, die; Art, die

10) (Finance) Order, die

[banker's] order — [Bank]anweisung, die

‘pay to the order of...’ — "zahlbar an..." (+ Akk.)

11)

order [of magnitude] — Größenordnung, die

of or in the order of... — in der Größenordnung von...

a scoundrel of the first order — (fig. coll.) ein Schurke ersten Ranges
2. transitive verb
1) (command) befehlen; anordnen; [Richter:] verfügen; verordnen [Arznei, Ruhe usw.]

order somebody to do something — jemanden anweisen/(Milit.) jemandem befehlen, etwas zu tun

order something [to be] done — anordnen, dass etwas getan wird

order somebody out of the house — jemanden aus dem Haus weisen

2) (direct the supply of) bestellen ( from bei); ordern [Kaufmannsspr.]

order in advance — vorbestellen

3) (arrange) ordnen

Phrasal Verbs:

- order about

- order off

* * *

n.

Auftrag -¨e m.

Befehl -e m.

Grad -e m.

Kommando -s n.

Ordnung -en (Mathematik) f.

Ordnung -en f. v.

anfordern (commerce) v.

anordnen v.

befehlen v.

(§ p.,pp.: befahl, befohlen)

bestellen v.

English-german dictionary > order
3 Creativity

   1) All Human Complex Problem Solving Is Creativity

   Put in this bald way, these aims sound utopian. How utopian they areor rather, how imminent their realization-depends on how broadly or narrowly we interpret the term "creative." If we are willing to regard all human complex problem solving as creative, then-as we will point out-successful programs for problem solving mechanisms that simulate human problem solvers already exist, and a number of their general characteristics are known. If we reserve the term "creative" for activities like discovery of the special theory of relativity or the composition of Beethoven's Seventh Symphony, then no example of a creative mechanism exists at the present time. (Simon, 1979, pp. 144-145)

   2) Artificial Intelligence Models of Creative Association

   Among the questions that can now be given preliminary answers in computational terms are the following: how can ideas from very different sources be spontaneously thought of together? how can two ideas be merged to produce a new structure, which shows the inﬂuence of both ancestor ideas without being a mere "cut-and-paste" combination? how can the mind be "primed," so that one will more easily notice serendipitous ideas? why may someone notice-and remember-something fairly uninteresting, if it occurs in an interesting context? how can a brief phrase conjure up an entire melody from memory? and how can we accept two ideas as similar ("love" and "prove" as rhyming, for instance) in respect of a feature not identical in both? The features of connectionist AI models that suggest answers to these questions are their powers of pattern completion, graceful degradation, sensitization, multiple constraint satisfaction, and "best-fit" equilibration.... Here, the important point is that the unconscious, "insightful," associative aspects of creativity can be explained-in outline, at least-by AI methods. (Boden, 1996, p. 273)

   3) Creative Innovation and Social Independence

   There thus appears to be an underlying similarity in the process involved in creative innovation and social independence, with common traits and postures required for expression of both behaviors. The difference is one of product-literary, musical, artistic, theoretical products on the one hand, opinions on the other-rather than one of process. In both instances the individual must believe that his perceptions are meaningful and valid and be willing to rely upon his own interpretations. He must trust himself sufficiently that even when persons express opinions counter to his own he can proceed on the basis of his own perceptions and convictions. (Coopersmith, 1967, p. 58)

   4) Ego Strength and Emotional Stability among Creative Geniuses

   he average level of ego strength and emotional stability is noticeably higher among creative geniuses than among the general population, though it is possibly lower than among men of comparable intelligence and education who go into administrative and similar positions. High anxiety and excitability appear common (e.g. Priestley, Darwin, Kepler) but full-blown neurosis is quite rare. (Cattell & Butcher, 1970, p. 315)

   5) Its Mundane Character

   he insight that is supposed to be required for such work as discovery turns out to be synonymous with the familiar process of recognition; and other terms commonly used in the discussion of creative work-such terms as "judgment," "creativity," or even "genius"-appear to be wholly dispensable or to be definable, as insight is, in terms of mundane and well-understood concepts. (Simon, 1989, p. 376)

   6) Mozart's Musical Ideas Came to Him in Polished Form

   From the sketch material still in existence, from the condition of the fragments, and from the autographs themselves we can draw definite conclusions about Mozart's creative process. To invent musical ideas he did not need any stimulation; they came to his mind "ready-made" and in polished form. In contrast to Beethoven, who made numerous attempts at shaping his musical ideas until he found the definitive formulation of a theme, Mozart's first inspiration has the stamp of finality. Any Mozart theme has completeness and unity; as a phenomenon it is a Gestalt. (Herzmann, 1964, p. 28)

   7) Scientific Theories and Works of Art Alike Originate in Fantasy

   Great artists enlarge the limits of one's perception. Looking at the world through the eyes of Rembrandt or Tolstoy makes one able to perceive aspects of truth about the world which one could not have achieved without their aid. Freud believed that science was adaptive because it facilitated mastery of the external world; but was it not the case that many scientific theories, like works of art, also originated in phantasy? Certainly, reading accounts of scientific discovery by men of the calibre of Einstein compelled me to conclude that phantasy was not merely escapist, but a way of reaching new insights concerning the nature of reality. Scientific hypotheses require proof; works of art do not. Both are concerned with creating order, with making sense out of the world and our experience of it. (Storr, 1993, p. xii)

   8) Self- Esteem and Creative Expression

   The importance of self-esteem for creative expression appears to be almost beyond disproof. Without a high regard for himself the individual who is working in the frontiers of his field cannot trust himself to discriminate between the trivial and the significant. Without trust in his own powers the person seeking improved solutions or alternative theories has no basis for distinguishing the significant and profound innovation from the one that is merely different.... An essential component of the creative process, whether it be analysis, synthesis, or the development of a new perspective or more comprehensive theory, is the conviction that one's judgment in interpreting the events is to be trusted. (Coopersmith, 1967, p. 59)

   9) Stages in Creative Problem- Solving

   In the daily stream of thought these four different stages [preparation; incubation; illumination or inspiration; and verification] constantly overlap each other as we explore different problems. An economist reading a Blue Book, a physiologist watching an experiment, or a business man going through his morning's letters, may at the same time be "incubating" on a problem which he proposed to himself a few days ago, be accumulating knowledge in "preparation" for a second problem, and be "verifying" his conclusions to a third problem. Even in exploring the same problem, the mind may be unconsciously incubating on one aspect of it, while it is consciously employed in preparing for or verifying another aspect. (Wallas, 1926, p. 81)

    10) The Bisociative Pattern of the Creative Synthesis

   he basic, bisociative pattern of the creative synthesis [is] the sudden interlocking of two previously unrelated skills, or matrices of thought. (Koestler, 1964, p. 121)

    11) The Earliest Stages in the Creative Process Involve a Commerce with Disorder

   Even to the creator himself, the earliest effort may seem to involve a commerce with disorder. For the creative order, which is an extension of life, is not an elaboration of the established, but a movement beyond the established, or at least a reorganization of it and often of elements not included in it. The first need is therefore to transcend the old order. Before any new order can be defined, the absolute power of the established, the hold upon us of what we know and are, must be broken. New life comes always from outside our world, as we commonly conceive that world. This is the reason why, in order to invent, one must yield to the indeterminate within him, or, more precisely, to certain illdefined impulses which seem to be of the very texture of the ungoverned fullness which John Livingston Lowes calls "the surging chaos of the unexpressed." (Ghiselin, 1985, p. 4)

    12) The Inner Life of the Creative Process

   New life comes always from outside our world, as we commonly conceive our world. This is the reason why, in order to invent, one must yield to the indeterminate within him, or, more precisely, to certain illdefined impulses which seem to be of the very texture of the ungoverned fullness which John Livingston Lowes calls "the surging chaos of the unexpressed." Chaos and disorder are perhaps the wrong terms for that indeterminate fullness and activity of the inner life. For it is organic, dynamic, full of tension and tendency. What is absent from it, except in the decisive act of creation, is determination, fixity, and commitment to one resolution or another of the whole complex of its tensions. (Ghiselin, 1952, p. 13)

    13) The Problem of What Impels the Creative Person

   [P]sychoanalysts have principally been concerned with the content of creative products, and with explaining content in terms of the artist's infantile past. They have paid less attention to examining why the artist chooses his particular activity to express, abreact or sublimate his emotions. In short, they have not made much distinction between art and neurosis; and, since the former is one of the blessings of mankind, whereas the latter is one of the curses, it seems a pity that they should not be better differentiated....

   Psychoanalysis, being fundamentally concerned with drive and motive, might have been expected to throw more light upon what impels the creative person that in fact it has. (Storr, 1993, pp. xvii, 3)

    14) Theories of Creative Thinking

   A number of theoretical approaches were considered. Associative theory, as developed by Mednick (1962), gained some empirical support from the apparent validity of the Remote Associates Test, which was constructed on the basis of the theory.... Koestler's (1964) bisociative theory allows more complexity to mental organization than Mednick's associative theory, and postulates "associative contexts" or "frames of reference." He proposed that normal, non-creative, thought proceeds within particular contexts or frames and that the creative act involves linking together previously unconnected frames.... Simonton (1988) has developed associative notions further and explored the mathematical consequences of chance permutation of ideas....

   Like Koestler, Gruber (1980; Gruber and Davis, 1988) has based his analysis on case studies. He has focused especially on Darwin's development of the theory of evolution. Using piagetian notions, such as assimilation and accommodation, Gruber shows how Darwin's system of ideas changed very slowly over a period of many years. "Moments of insight," in Gruber's analysis, were the culminations of slow long-term processes.... Finally, the information-processing approach, as represented by Simon (1966) and Langley et al. (1987), was considered.... [Simon] points out the importance of good problem representations, both to ensure search is in an appropriate problem space and to aid in developing heuristic evaluations of possible research directions.... The work of Langley et al. (1987) demonstrates how such search processes, realized in computer programs, can indeed discover many basic laws of science from tables of raw data.... Boden (1990a, 1994) has stressed the importance of restructuring the problem space in creative work to develop new genres and paradigms in the arts and sciences. (Gilhooly, 1996, pp. 243-244; emphasis in original)

Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Creativity
4 Artificial Intelligence

   1) Programs and the Complexity of Human Mental Processes

   In my opinion, none of [these programs] does even remote justice to the complexity of human mental processes. Unlike men, "artificially intelligent" programs tend to be single minded, undistractable, and unemotional. (Neisser, 1967, p. 9)

   2) Artificial Intelligence Is an Engineering Discipline

   Future progress in [artificial intelligence] will depend on the development of both practical and theoretical knowledge.... As regards theoretical knowledge, some have sought a unified theory of artificial intelligence. My view is that artificial intelligence is (or soon will be) an engineering discipline since its primary goal is to build things. (Nilsson, 1971, pp. vii-viii)

   3) A Sceptical View of Artificial Intelligence

   Most workers in AI [artificial intelligence] research and in related fields confess to a pronounced feeling of disappointment in what has been achieved in the last 25 years. Workers entered the field around 1950, and even around 1960, with high hopes that are very far from being realized in 1972. In no part of the field have the discoveries made so far produced the major impact that was then promised.... In the meantime, claims and predictions regarding the potential results of AI research had been publicized which went even farther than the expectations of the majority of workers in the field, whose embarrassments have been added to by the lamentable failure of such inﬂated predictions....

   When able and respected scientists write in letters to the present author that AI, the major goal of computing science, represents "another step in the general process of evolution"; that possibilities in the 1980s include an all-purpose intelligence on a human-scale knowledge base; that awe-inspiring possibilities suggest themselves based on machine intelligence exceeding human intelligence by the year 2000 [one has the right to be skeptical]. (Lighthill, 1972, p. 17)

   4) Just as Astronomy Succeeded Astrology, the Discovery of Intellectual Processes in Machines Should Lead to a Science, Eventually

   Just as astronomy succeeded astrology, following Kepler's discovery of planetary regularities, the discoveries of these many principles in empirical explorations on intellectual processes in machines should lead to a science, eventually. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 11)

   5) Problems in Machine Intelligence Arise Because Things Obvious to Any Person Are Not Represented in the Program

   Many problems arise in experiments on machine intelligence because things obvious to any person are not represented in any program. One can pull with a string, but one cannot push with one.... Simple facts like these caused serious problems when Charniak attempted to extend Bobrow's "Student" program to more realistic applications, and they have not been faced up to until now. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 77)

   6) The Meaning of a Symbolic Description

   What do we mean by [a symbolic] "description"? We do not mean to suggest that our descriptions must be made of strings of ordinary language words (although they might be). The simplest kind of description is a structure in which some features of a situation are represented by single ("primitive") symbols, and relations between those features are represented by other symbols-or by other features of the way the description is put together. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 11)

   7) The Principle of Artificial Intelligence

   [AI is] the use of computer programs and programming techniques to cast light on the principles of intelligence in general and human thought in particular. (Boden, 1977, p. 5)

   8) Artificial Intelligence Recognizes the Need for Knowledge in Its Systems

   The word you look for and hardly ever see in the early AI literature is the word knowledge. They didn't believe you have to know anything, you could always rework it all.... In fact 1967 is the turning point in my mind when there was enough feeling that the old ideas of general principles had to go.... I came up with an argument for what I called the primacy of expertise, and at the time I called the other guys the generalists. (Moses, quoted in McCorduck, 1979, pp. 228-229)

   9) Artificial Intelligence Is Psychology in a Particularly Pure and Abstract Form

   The basic idea of cognitive science is that intelligent beings are semantic engines-in other words, automatic formal systems with interpretations under which they consistently make sense. We can now see why this includes psychology and artificial intelligence on a more or less equal footing: people and intelligent computers (if and when there are any) turn out to be merely different manifestations of the same underlying phenomenon. Moreover, with universal hardware, any semantic engine can in principle be formally imitated by a computer if only the right program can be found. And that will guarantee semantic imitation as well, since (given the appropriate formal behavior) the semantics is "taking care of itself" anyway. Thus we also see why, from this perspective, artificial intelligence can be regarded as psychology in a particularly pure and abstract form. The same fundamental structures are under investigation, but in AI, all the relevant parameters are under direct experimental control (in the programming), without any messy physiology or ethics to get in the way. (Haugeland, 1981b, p. 31)

    10) There Are Many Types of Reasoning

   There are many different kinds of reasoning one might imagine:

    Formal reasoning involves the syntactic manipulation of data structures to deduce new ones following prespecified rules of inference. Mathematical logic is the archetypical formal representation. Procedural reasoning uses simulation to answer questions and solve problems. When we use a program to answer What is the sum of 3 and 4? it uses, or "runs," a procedural model of arithmetic. Reasoning by analogy seems to be a very natural mode of thought for humans but, so far, difficult to accomplish in AI programs. The idea is that when you ask the question Can robins ﬂy? the system might reason that "robins are like sparrows, and I know that sparrows can ﬂy, so robins probably can ﬂy."

    Generalization and abstraction are also natural reasoning process for humans that are difficult to pin down well enough to implement in a program. If one knows that Robins have wings, that Sparrows have wings, and that Blue jays have wings, eventually one will believe that All birds have wings. This capability may be at the core of most human learning, but it has not yet become a useful technique in AI.... Meta- level reasoning is demonstrated by the way one answers the question What is Paul Newman's telephone number? You might reason that "if I knew Paul Newman's number, I would know that I knew it, because it is a notable fact." This involves using "knowledge about what you know," in particular, about the extent of your knowledge and about the importance of certain facts. Recent research in psychology and AI indicates that meta-level reasoning may play a central role in human cognitive processing. (Barr & Feigenbaum, 1981, pp. 146-147)

    11) Programs Are Beginning to Do Things That Critics Have Asserted to Be Impossible

   Suffice it to say that programs already exist that can do things-or, at the very least, appear to be beginning to do things-which ill-informed critics have asserted a priori to be impossible. Examples include: perceiving in a holistic as opposed to an atomistic way; using language creatively; translating sensibly from one language to another by way of a language-neutral semantic representation; planning acts in a broad and sketchy fashion, the details being decided only in execution; distinguishing between different species of emotional reaction according to the psychological context of the subject. (Boden, 1981, p. 33)

    12) The Synthesis of Man and Machine

   Can the synthesis of Man and Machine ever be stable, or will the purely organic component become such a hindrance that it has to be discarded? If this eventually happens-and I have... good reasons for thinking that it must-we have nothing to regret and certainly nothing to fear. (Clarke, 1984, p. 243)

    13) The Thesis of Good Old-Fashioned Artificial Intelligence (GOFAI)

   The thesis of GOFAI... is not that the processes underlying intelligence can be described symbolically... but that they are symbolic. (Haugeland, 1985, p. 113)

    14) Artificial Intelligence Provides a Useful Approach to Psychological and Psychiatric Theory Formation

   It is all very well formulating psychological and psychiatric theories verbally but, when using natural language (even technical jargon), it is difficult to recognise when a theory is complete; oversights are all too easily made, gaps too readily left. This is a point which is generally recognised to be true and it is for precisely this reason that the behavioural sciences attempt to follow the natural sciences in using "classical" mathematics as a more rigorous descriptive language. However, it is an unfortunate fact that, with a few notable exceptions, there has been a marked lack of success in this application. It is my belief that a different approach-a different mathematics-is needed, and that AI provides just this approach. (Hand, quoted in Hand, 1985, pp. 6-7)

    15) Four Kinds of Artificial Intelligence

   We might distinguish among four kinds of AI.

   ♦ Nonpsychological AI

   Research of this kind involves building and programming computers to perform tasks which, to paraphrase Marvin Minsky, would require intelligence if they were done by us. Researchers in nonpsychological AI make no claims whatsoever about the psychological realism of their programs or the devices they build, that is, about whether or not computers perform tasks as humans do.

   ♦ Weak Psychological AI

   Research here is guided by the view that the computer is a useful tool in the study of mind. In particular, we can write computer programs or build devices that simulate alleged psychological processes in humans and then test our predictions about how the alleged processes work. We can weave these programs and devices together with other programs and devices that simulate different alleged mental processes and thereby test the degree to which the AI system as a whole simulates human mentality. According to weak psychological AI, working with computer models is a way of refining and testing hypotheses about processes that are allegedly realized in human minds.

   ♦ Strong Psychological AI

... According to this view, our minds are computers and therefore can be duplicated by other computers. Sherry Turkle writes that the "real ambition is of mythic proportions, making a general purpose intelligence, a mind." (Turkle, 1984, p. 240) The authors of a major text announce that "the ultimate goal of AI research is to build a person or, more humbly, an animal." (Charniak & McDermott, 1985, p. 7)

   ♦ Suprapsychological AI

   Research in this field, like strong psychological AI, takes seriously the functionalist view that mentality can be realized in many different types of physical devices. Suprapsychological AI, however, accuses strong psychological AI of being chauvinisticof being only interested in human intelligence! Suprapsychological AI claims to be interested in all the conceivable ways intelligence can be realized. (Flanagan, 1991, pp. 241-242)

    16) Determination of Relevance of Rules in Particular Contexts

   Even if the [rules] were stored in a context-free form the computer still couldn't use them. To do that the computer requires rules enabling it to draw on just those [ rules] which are relevant in each particular context. Determination of relevance will have to be based on further facts and rules, but the question will again arise as to which facts and rules are relevant for making each particular determination. One could always invoke further facts and rules to answer this question, but of course these must be only the relevant ones. And so it goes. It seems that AI workers will never be able to get started here unless they can settle the problem of relevance beforehand by cataloguing types of context and listing just those facts which are relevant in each. (Dreyfus & Dreyfus, 1986, p. 80)

    17) Form and Content Are Not Fundamentally Different

   Perhaps the single most important idea to artificial intelligence is that there is no fundamental difference between form and content, that meaning can be captured in a set of symbols such as a semantic net. (G. Johnson, 1986, p. 250)

    18) The Assumption That the Mind Is a Formal System

   Artificial intelligence is based on the assumption that the mind can be described as some kind of formal system manipulating symbols that stand for things in the world. Thus it doesn't matter what the brain is made of, or what it uses for tokens in the great game of thinking. Using an equivalent set of tokens and rules, we can do thinking with a digital computer, just as we can play chess using cups, salt and pepper shakers, knives, forks, and spoons. Using the right software, one system (the mind) can be mapped into the other (the computer). (G. Johnson, 1986, p. 250)

    19) A Statement of the Primary and Secondary Purposes of Artificial Intelligence

   The primary goal of Artificial Intelligence is to make machines smarter.

   The secondary goals of Artificial Intelligence are to understand what intelligence is (the Nobel laureate purpose) and to make machines more useful (the entrepreneurial purpose). (Winston, 1987, p. 1)

    20) Mathematical Logic Provides the Basis for Theory in AI

   The theoretical ideas of older branches of engineering are captured in the language of mathematics. We contend that mathematical logic provides the basis for theory in AI. Although many computer scientists already count logic as fundamental to computer science in general, we put forward an even stronger form of the logic-is-important argument....

   AI deals mainly with the problem of representing and using declarative (as opposed to procedural) knowledge. Declarative knowledge is the kind that is expressed as sentences, and AI needs a language in which to state these sentences. Because the languages in which this knowledge usually is originally captured (natural languages such as English) are not suitable for computer representations, some other language with the appropriate properties must be used. It turns out, we think, that the appropriate properties include at least those that have been uppermost in the minds of logicians in their development of logical languages such as the predicate calculus. Thus, we think that any language for expressing knowledge in AI systems must be at least as expressive as the first-order predicate calculus. (Genesereth & Nilsson, 1987, p. viii)

    21) Perceptual Structures Can Be Represented as Lists of Elementary Propositions

   In artificial intelligence studies, perceptual structures are represented as assemblages of description lists, the elementary components of which are propositions asserting that certain relations hold among elements. (Chase & Simon, 1988, p. 490)

    22) Definitions of Artificial Intelligence

   Artificial intelligence (AI) is sometimes defined as the study of how to build and/or program computers to enable them to do the sorts of things that minds can do. Some of these things are commonly regarded as requiring intelligence: offering a medical diagnosis and/or prescription, giving legal or scientific advice, proving theorems in logic or mathematics. Others are not, because they can be done by all normal adults irrespective of educational background (and sometimes by non-human animals too), and typically involve no conscious control: seeing things in sunlight and shadows, finding a path through cluttered terrain, fitting pegs into holes, speaking one's own native tongue, and using one's common sense. Because it covers AI research dealing with both these classes of mental capacity, this definition is preferable to one describing AI as making computers do "things that would require intelligence if done by people." However, it presupposes that computers could do what minds can do, that they might really diagnose, advise, infer, and understand. One could avoid this problematic assumption (and also side-step questions about whether computers do things in the same way as we do) by defining AI instead as "the development of computers whose observable performance has features which in humans we would attribute to mental processes." This bland characterization would be acceptable to some AI workers, especially amongst those focusing on the production of technological tools for commercial purposes. But many others would favour a more controversial definition, seeing AI as the science of intelligence in general-or, more accurately, as the intellectual core of cognitive science. As such, its goal is to provide a systematic theory that can explain (and perhaps enable us to replicate) both the general categories of intentionality and the diverse psychological capacities grounded in them. (Boden, 1990b, pp. 1-2)

    23) The Computer Can Not Be a Model of the Mind

   Because the ability to store data somewhat corresponds to what we call memory in human beings, and because the ability to follow logical procedures somewhat corresponds to what we call reasoning in human beings, many members of the cult have concluded that what computers do somewhat corresponds to what we call thinking. It is no great difficulty to persuade the general public of that conclusion since computers process data very fast in small spaces well below the level of visibility; they do not look like other machines when they are at work. They seem to be running along as smoothly and silently as the brain does when it remembers and reasons and thinks. On the other hand, those who design and build computers know exactly how the machines are working down in the hidden depths of their semiconductors. Computers can be taken apart, scrutinized, and put back together. Their activities can be tracked, analyzed, measured, and thus clearly understood-which is far from possible with the brain. This gives rise to the tempting assumption on the part of the builders and designers that computers can tell us something about brains, indeed, that the computer can serve as a model of the mind, which then comes to be seen as some manner of information processing machine, and possibly not as good at the job as the machine. (Roszak, 1994, pp. xiv-xv)

    24) Computers Will Not Always Be Inferior to Human Brains

   The inner workings of the human mind are far more intricate than the most complicated systems of modern technology. Researchers in the field of artificial intelligence have been attempting to develop programs that will enable computers to display intelligent behavior. Although this field has been an active one for more than thirty-five years and has had many notable successes, AI researchers still do not know how to create a program that matches human intelligence. No existing program can recall facts, solve problems, reason, learn, and process language with human facility. This lack of success has occurred not because computers are inferior to human brains but rather because we do not yet know in sufficient detail how intelligence is organized in the brain. (Anderson, 1995, p. 2)

Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Artificial Intelligence
5 Historical Portugal

   Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.

   A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.

   Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140

   The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."

   In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.

   The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.

   Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385

   Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims in

   Portugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.

   The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.

   Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580

   The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.

   The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.

   What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.

   By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.

   Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.

   The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.

   By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.

   In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.

   Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640

   Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.

   Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.

   On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.

   Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822

   Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.

   Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.

   In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and the

   Church (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.

   Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.

   Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.

   Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910

   During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.

   Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.

   Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.

   Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.

   Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.

   As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.

   First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26

   Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.

   The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.

   Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.

   The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74

   During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."

   Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.

   For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),

   and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.

   The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.

   With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.

   During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.

   The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.

   At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.

   The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.

   Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76

   Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.

   Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.

   In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.

   In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.

   In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.

   The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict until

   UN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.

   Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000

   After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.

   From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.

   Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.

   Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.

   In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.

   In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.

   Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.

    Contemporary Portugal

   Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.

   The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.

   Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.

   Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).

   All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.

   The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.

   After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.

   Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.

   Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.

   From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.

   Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.

   In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.

   An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU.

Historical dictionary of Portugal > Historical Portugal
6 grade

ɡreid
1. noun
1) (one level in a scale of qualities, sizes etc: several grades of sandpaper; a high-grade ore.) nivel, categoría, calidad, grado

2) ((American) (the pupils in) a class or year at school: We're in the fifth grade now.) curso, año

3) (a mark for, or level in, an examination etc: He always got good grades at school.) nota

4) ((especially American) the slope of a railway etc; gradient.) pendiente

2. verb
1) (to sort into grades: to grade eggs.) clasificar

2) (to move through different stages: Red grades into purple as blue is added.) (colores) degradar; tranformarse

•

- gradation
- grader
- grade school
- make the grade

grade¹ n

1. clase / categoría / grado

grade A eggs huevos de clase A

2. nota

she got good grades sacó buenas notas

3. curso / año

he's in the eighth grade está en octavo curso

grade² vb clasificar

potatoes are graded into several sizes las patatas se clasifican en varios tamaños

El gerundio de grade se escribe grading

grade

tr[greɪd]

noun

1 (degree, level) grado

2 (quality) calidad nombre femenino

3 (class, category) clase nombre femenino, categoría

4 (rank) rango, grado

5 (mark) nota

6 SMALLAMERICAN ENGLISH/SMALL (gradient) pendiente nombre femenino

7 SMALLAMERICAN ENGLISH/SMALL (form) clase nombre femenino

transitive verb

1 (sort, classify) clasificar

2 (road) nivelar

3 (student) calificar, poner una nota

4 (colours) degradar

\

SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL

to make the grade (reach desired standard) alcanzar el nivel necesario 2 (succeed) tener éxito

grade crossing SMALLAMERICAN ENGLISH/SMALL paso a nivel

grade school SMALLAMERICAN ENGLISH/SMALL escuela primaria

grade ['greɪd] vt, graded ; grading

1) sort: clasificar

2) level: nivelar

3) : calificar (exámenes, alumnos)

grade n

1) quality: categoría f, calidad f

2) rank: grado m, rango m (militar)

3) year: grado m, curso m, año m

sixth grade: el sexto grado

4) mark: nota f, calificación f (en educación)

5) slope: cuesta f, pendiente f, gradiente f

grade

n.

• calidad s.f.

• clase s.f.

• declive s.m.

• escalón s.m.

• grado s.m.

• nota s.f.

• pendiente s.m.

• puntuación s.f.

v.

• clasificar v.

• explanar v.

• graduar v.

• nivelar v.

I greɪd
noun

1)

a) ( quality) calidad f; (degree, level)

it divides hotels into four grades — divide a los hoteles en cuatro categorías

grade A o grade 1 tomatoes — tomates mpl de la mejor calidad or de primera

b) ( in seniority) grado m ( del escalafón); ( Mil) rango m

to make the grade — (colloq) ( reach required level) alcanzar* el nivel requerido/necesario; ( succeed) tener* éxito, triunfar

2) ( Educ)

a) ( class) (AmE) grado m, año m, curso m

b) ( in exam) nota f, calificación f

3) ( gradient) (AmE) cuesta f

II

transitive verb

1)

a) ( classify) clasificar*

b) ( order in ascending scale) \<\<exercise/questions\>\> ordenar por grado de dificultad

c) ( mark) (AmE) \<\<test/exercise\>\> corregir* y calificar*

I've graded her B — le puse una B

d) graded past p < produce> clasificado; <tests/exercises> (BrE) escalonados por grado de dificultad

2) ( make more level) \<\<surface/soil\>\> (AmE) nivelar

[ɡreɪd]
1. N

1) (=level, standard) (on scale) clase f, categoría f ; (in job) grado m, categoría f

to be promoted to a higher grade — ser ascendido a un grado or una categoría superior

- make the grade

2) (Mil) (=rank) graduación f, grado m

3) (=quality) clase f, calidad f

high-/low-grade material — material m de alta/baja calidad

4) (Scol) (=mark) nota f

5) (US) (=school class)

he's in fifth grade — está en quinto (curso)

See:

see cultural note HIGH SCHOOL

6) (US) (=gradient) pendiente f, cuesta f

7) (US) (=ground level)

at grade — al nivel del suelo

2. VT

1) [+ goods, eggs] clasificar, graduar; [+ colours] degradar

2) (Scol) (=mark) calificar

3.

CPD

grade book N — (US) libreta f de calificaciones

grade crossing N — (US) (Rail) paso m a nivel

grade point average N — (US) nota f promedio

grade school N — (US) escuela f primaria

grade sheet N — (US) hoja f de calificaciones

- grade down

- grade up
GRADE En Estados Unidos y Canadá, los cursos escolares se denominan grades, desde el primer año de primaria first grade hasta el último curso de la enseñanza secundaria 12th grade. A los alumnos de los últimos cursos se les suele conocer por un nombre distinto según el curso en el que estén: freshmen si están en el 9th grade, sophomores si están en el 10th grade, juniors en el 11th grade y seniors en el 12th grade.

* * *

I [greɪd]
noun

1)

a) ( quality) calidad f; (degree, level)

it divides hotels into four grades — divide a los hoteles en cuatro categorías

grade A o grade 1 tomatoes — tomates mpl de la mejor calidad or de primera

b) ( in seniority) grado m ( del escalafón); ( Mil) rango m

to make the grade — (colloq) ( reach required level) alcanzar* el nivel requerido/necesario; ( succeed) tener* éxito, triunfar

2) ( Educ)

a) ( class) (AmE) grado m, año m, curso m

b) ( in exam) nota f, calificación f

3) ( gradient) (AmE) cuesta f

II

transitive verb

1)

a) ( classify) clasificar*

b) ( order in ascending scale) \<\<exercise/questions\>\> ordenar por grado de dificultad

c) ( mark) (AmE) \<\<test/exercise\>\> corregir* y calificar*

I've graded her B — le puse una B

d) graded past p < produce> clasificado; <tests/exercises> (BrE) escalonados por grado de dificultad

2) ( make more level) \<\<surface/soil\>\> (AmE) nivelar

English-spanish dictionary > grade
7 before

bi'fo:
1. preposition
1) (earlier than: before the war; He'll come before very long.) antes (de)

2) (in front of: She was before me in the queue.) delante (de), antes (de/que)

3) (rather than: Honour before wealth.) antes que

2. adverb
(earlier: I've seen you before.) antes

3. conjunction
(earlier than the time when: Before I go, I must phone my parents.) antes (de que)

- beforehand

before¹ adv

1. anterior

the day before el día anterior

2. antes

I have never been here before nunca había estado aquí

you should have said so before debiste decírmelo antes

has this ever happened before? ¿es la primera vez que pasa esto?

3. ya

I've seen this film before ya he visto esta película

before² conj antes de que / antes de

let's go before it rains vámonos antes de que llueva

have a drink before you go toma una copa antes de irte

before³ prep

1. antes de

wash your hands before dinner lávate las manos antes de la cena

we have to leave the room before 12 o'clock debemos dejar la habitación antes de las doce

the day before yesterday anteayer / antes de ayer

2. delante de

you're before me in the queue vas delante de mí en la cola

before

tr[bɪ'fɔː^SMALLr/SMALL]

preposition

1 (earlier) antes de

■ spring comes before summer la primavera viene antes del verano

■ they arrived the night before the party llegaron la noche antes de la fiesta

2 (in front of) delante de; (in the presence of) ante; (for the attention of) ante

■ he's before me in the queue va delante de mi en la cola

■ he appeared before the judge compareció ante el juez

■ he presented the project before the committee presentó el proyecto ante el comité

3 (rather than) antes que

■ death before dishonour la muerte antes que la deshonra

4 (ahead) por delante

■ he's got all his life before him tiene toda su vida por delante

5 (first) primero

■ ladies before gentlemen las señoras primero

conjunction

1 (earlier than) antes de + inf, antes de que + subj

■ don't forget to say goodbye before you go no te olvides de despedirte antes de irte

■ he left before we arrived se fue antes de que llegásemos nosotros

2 (rather than) antes de + inf

■ he would starve before he asked them for money preferiría morir de hambre antes de pedirles dinero

adverb

1 (earlier) antes

■ he had arrived two hours before había llegado dos horas antes

2 (previous) anterior

■ the day before el día anterior

3 (already) ya

■ we've seen it before ya lo hemos visto

4 (position) delante, por delante

■ they were attacked before and behind les atacaron por delante y por detrás

\

SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL

as never before como nunca

Before Christ antes de Cristo

before God ante Dios

before long dentro de poco

long before mucho antes de

not long before poco antes de

pride comes before a fall un exceso de orgullo conduce a la caída

to put the cart before the horse empezar la casa por el tejado

the one before el anterior, la anterior

before [bɪ'for] adv

1) : antes

before and after: antes y después

2) : anterior

the month before: el mes anterior

before conj

: antes que

he would die before surrendering: moriría antes que rendirse

before prep

1) : antes de

before eating: antes de comer

2) : delante de, ante

I stood before the house: estaba parada delante de la casa

before the judge: ante el juez

before

adv.

• antes adv.

• delante adv.

conj.

• antes de que conj.

prep.

• ante prep.

• antes de prep.

• delante de prep.

I bɪ'fɔːr, bɪ'fɔː(r)
preposition

1) ( preceding in time) antes de

before dinner — antes de la cena

before long — dentro de poco

they arrived before us — llegaron antes que nosotros

before going in — antes de entrar

ten minutes before the end of the match — diez minutos antes de que terminara el partido

the day before her departure — el día anterior a su partida

2)

a) ( in front of) delante de, ante (frml)

b) (in rank, priority)

she puts her work before her family — antepone el trabajo a su familia

safety comes before anything else — la seguridad (está) ante todo

II

conjunction

a) ( earlier than) antes de que (+ subj), antes de (+ inf)

before it gets dark — antes de que anochezca

he died before he was 30 — murió antes de cumplir los 30 años

b) ( rather than) antes que

she would die before... — prefería morir antes que...

III

adverb ( preceding) antes

this has never happened before — esto no había sucedido nunca antes

the day/year before — el día/año anterior

have you been to Canada before? — ¿ya has estado en el Canadá?

not that page, the one before — esa página no, la anterior

[bɪ'fɔː(r)] When before is an element in a phrasal verb, eg come before, go before, look up the verb.
1. PREP

1) (in time, order, rank) antes de

before Christ — antes de Cristo

the week before last — hace dos semanas

before long — (in future) antes de poco; (in past) poco después

before going, would you... — antes de marcharte, quieres...

income before tax — renta f bruta or antes de impuestos

profits before tax — beneficios mpl preimpositivos

2) (in place) delante de; (=in the presence of) ante, delante de, en presencia de

they were married before a judge — se casaron en presencia de un juez

3) (=facing)

the question before us — (in meeting) el asunto que tenemos que discutir

the problem before us is... — el problema que se nos plantea es...

the task before us — la tarea que tenemos por delante

we still have two hours before us — tenemos todavía dos horas por delante

a new life lay before him — una vida nueva se abría ante él

4) (=rather than)

I should choose this one before that — yo escogería este antes que aquel

death before dishonour! — ¡antes la muerte que el deshonor!

2. ADV

1) (time) antes

a moment before — un momento antes

the day before — el día anterior

before, it used to be different — antes, todo era distinto

on this occasion and the one before — en esta ocasión y la anterior

2) (place, order) delante, adelante

before and behind — por delante y por detrás

that chapter and the one before — ese capítulo y el anterior

3.

CONJ (time) antes de que; (rather than) antes que
BEFORE
Time
Adverb ► When bef ore is an {adverb}, you can usually translate it using antes:
Why didn't you say so before? ¿Por qué no lo has dicho antes?
I had spoken to her before Había hablado con ella antes ► But the bef ore in never before and ever before is often not translated:
I've never been to Spain before Nunca he estado en España
I had never been to a police station before Nunca había estado (antes) en una comisaría
It's not true that the working class is earning more money than ever before No es cierto que la clase obrera gane más dinero que nunca ► The day/night/ week {etc} before should usually be translated using el día/la noche/ la semana {etc} anterior:
The night before, he had gone to a rock concert La noche anterior había ido a un concierto de rock ► In more formal contexts, where bef ore could be substituted by previously, anteriormente is another option:
As I said before... Como he dicho antes or anteriormente... ► When bef ore is equivalent to already, translate using ya ( antes) or, in questions about whether someone has done what they are doing now before, using ¿es la primera vez que...?:
"How about watching this film?" - "Actually, I've seen it before" -¿Vemos esa película? -Es que ya la he visto
I had been to Glasgow a couple of times before Ya había estado (antes) en Glasgow un par de veces
Have you been to Spain before? ¿Has estado ya en España? or ¿Es la primera vez que vienes a España? ► Translate ((period of time)) + bef ore using hacía + ((period of time)):
They had married nearly 40 years before Se habían casado hacía casi 40 años NOTE: H acía i s invariable in this sense.
Preposition ► When bef ore is a {preposition}, you can usually translate it using antes de:
Please ring before seven Por favor, llama antes de las siete
Shall we go for a walk before dinner? ¿Nos vamos a dar un paseo antes de cenar? ► But use ant es que with names of people and personal pronouns when they stand in for a verb:
If you get there before me or before I do, wait for me in the bar Si llegas antes que yo, espérame en el bar ► Translate bef ore + ((-ing)) using antes de + ((infinitive)):
He said goodbye to the children before leaving Se despidió de los niños antes de irse
Conjunction ► When bef ore is a {conjunction}, you can usually translate it using antes de que + ((subjunctive)):
I'll ask Peter about it before he goes away on holiday Se lo preguntaré a Peter antes de que se vaya de vacaciones
We reached home before the storm broke Llegamos a casa antes de que empezara la tormenta ► If the subject of both clauses is the same, ant es de + ((infinitive)) is usually used rather than antes de que:
Give me a ring before you leave the office Llámame antes de salir de la oficina This construction is also sometimes used in colloquial Spanish when the subjects are different:
Before you arrived she was very depressed Antes de llegar tú, estaba muy deprimida For further uses and examples, see main entry
* * *

I [bɪ'fɔːr, bɪ'fɔː(r)]
preposition

1) ( preceding in time) antes de

before dinner — antes de la cena

before long — dentro de poco

they arrived before us — llegaron antes que nosotros

before going in — antes de entrar

ten minutes before the end of the match — diez minutos antes de que terminara el partido

the day before her departure — el día anterior a su partida

2)

a) ( in front of) delante de, ante (frml)

b) (in rank, priority)

she puts her work before her family — antepone el trabajo a su familia

safety comes before anything else — la seguridad (está) ante todo

II

conjunction

a) ( earlier than) antes de que (+ subj), antes de (+ inf)

before it gets dark — antes de que anochezca

he died before he was 30 — murió antes de cumplir los 30 años

b) ( rather than) antes que

she would die before... — prefería morir antes que...

III

adverb ( preceding) antes

this has never happened before — esto no había sucedido nunca antes

the day/year before — el día/año anterior

have you been to Canada before? — ¿ya has estado en el Canadá?

not that page, the one before — esa página no, la anterior

English-spanish dictionary > before
8 go

Ⅰ.

go¹ [gəʊ]

noun

(game) jeu m de go

Ⅱ.

go² [gəʊ]

aller ⇒ 1A (a)-(c), 1A (e), 1A (f), 1E (a)-(c), 1G (a), 2 (a) s'en aller ⇒ 1A (d) être ⇒ 1B (a) devenir ⇒ 1B (b) tomber en panne ⇒ 1B (c) s'user ⇒ 1B (d) se détériorer ⇒ 1B (e) commencer ⇒ 1C (a) aller (+ infinitif) ⇒ 1C (b), 1C (c) marcher ⇒ 1C (d) disparaître ⇒ 1D (a), 1D (c) se passer ⇒ 1E (d) s'écouler ⇒ 1E (e) s'appliquer ⇒ 1F (b) se vendre ⇒ 1F (e) contribuer ⇒ 1G (c) aller ensemble ⇒ 1H (a) tenir le coup ⇒ 1H (c) faire ⇒ 2 (b), 2 (c) coup ⇒ 3 (a) essai ⇒ 3 (a) tour ⇒ 3 (b) dynamisme ⇒ 3 (c)

(pl goes [gəʊz], 3rd pres sing goes [gəʊz], pt went [went], pp gone [gɒn])

1 intransitive verb

A.

(a) (move, travel → person) aller; (→ vehicle) aller, rouler;

∎ we're going to Paris/Japan/Spain nous allons à Paris/au Japon/en Espagne;

∎ he went to the office/a friend's house il est allé au bureau/chez un ami;

∎ I want to go home je veux rentrer;

∎ the salesman went from house to house le vendeur est allé de maison en maison;

∎ we went by car/on foot nous y sommes allés en voiture/à pied;

∎ there goes the train! voilà le train (qui passe)!;

∎ the bus goes by way of or through Dover le bus passe par Douvres;

∎ does this train go to Glasgow? ce train va-t-il à Glasgow?;

∎ the truck was going at 150 kilometres an hour le camion roulait à ou faisait du 150 kilomètres (à l')heure;

∎ go behind those bushes va derrière ces arbustes;

∎ where do we go from here? où va-t-on maintenant?; figurative qu'est-ce qu'on fait maintenant?;

∎ to go to the doctor aller voir ou aller chez le médecin;

∎ he went straight to the director il est allé directement voir ou trouver le directeur;

∎ to go to prison aller en prison;

∎ to go to the toilet aller aux toilettes;

∎ to go to sb for advice aller demander conseil à qn;

∎ let the children go first laissez les enfants passer devant, laissez passer les enfants d'abord;

∎ I'll go next c'est à moi après;

∎ who goes next? (in game) c'est à qui (le tour)?;

∎ Military who goes there? qui va là?, qui vive?;

∎ here we go again! ça y est, ça recommence!;

∎ there he goes! le voilà!;

∎ there he goes again! (there he is again) le revoilà!; (he's doing it again) ça y est, il est reparti!

(b) (engage in a specified activity) aller;

∎ to go shopping aller faire des courses;

∎ to go fishing/hunting aller à la pêche/à la chasse;

∎ to go riding aller faire du cheval;

∎ let's go for a walk/bike ride/swim allons nous promener/faire un tour à vélo/nous baigner;

∎ they went on a trip ils sont partis en voyage;

∎ British go and buy the paper, American go buy the paper va acheter le journal;

∎ I'll go to see her or American go see her tomorrow j'irai la voir demain;

∎ don't go and tell him!, don't go telling him! ne va pas le lui dire!, ne le lui dis pas!;

∎ don't go bothering your sister ne va pas embêter ta sœur;

∎ you had to go and tell him! il a fallu que tu le lui dises!;

∎ he's gone and locked us out! il est parti et nous a laissé à la porte!;

∎ you've gone and done it now! vraiment, tu as tout gâché!

(c) (proceed to specified limit) aller;

∎ he'll go as high as £300 il ira jusqu'à 300 livres;

∎ the temperature went as high as 36° C la température est montée jusqu'à 36° C;

∎ he went so far as to say it was her fault il est allé jusqu'à dire que c'était de sa faute à elle;

∎ now you've gone too far! là tu as dépassé les bornes!;

∎ I'll go further and say he should resign j'irai plus loin et je dirai qu'il ou j'irai jusqu'à dire qu'il devrait démissionner;

∎ the temperature sometimes goes below zero la température descend ou tombe parfois au-dessous de zéro;

∎ her attitude went beyond mere impertinence son comportement était plus qu'impertinent

(d) (depart, leave) s'en aller, partir;

∎ I must be going il faut que je m'en aille ou que je parte;

∎ they went early ils sont partis tôt;

∎ you may go vous pouvez partir;

∎ what time does the train go? à quelle heure part le train?;

∎ familiar get going! vas-y!, file!;

∎ archaic be gone! allez-vous-en!;

∎ either he goes or I go l'un de nous deux doit partir

(e) (indicating regular attendance) aller, assister;

∎ to go to church/school aller à l'église/l'école;

∎ to go to a meeting aller ou assister à une réunion;

∎ to go to work (to one's place of work) aller au travail

(f) (indicating direction or route) aller, mener;

∎ that road goes to the market square cette route va ou mène à la place du marché

B.

(a) (be or remain in specified state) être;

∎ to go barefoot/naked se promener pieds nus/tout nu;

∎ to go armed porter une arme;

∎ her family goes in rags sa famille est en haillons;

∎ the job went unfilled le poste est resté vacant;

∎ to go unnoticed passer inaperçu;

∎ such crimes must not go unpunished de tels crimes ne doivent pas rester impunis

(b) (become) devenir;

∎ my father is going grey mon père grisonne;

∎ she went white with rage elle a blêmi de colère;

∎ my hands went clammy mes mains sont devenues moites;

∎ the tea's gone cold le thé a refroidi;

∎ have you gone mad? tu es devenu fou?;

∎ to go bankrupt faire faillite;

∎ the country has gone Republican le pays est maintenant républicain

(c) (stop working → engine) tomber en panne; (→ fuse) sauter; (→ bulb, lamp) sauter, griller;

∎ the battery's going la pile commence à être usée

(d) (wear out) s'user; (split) craquer; (break) (se) casser;

∎ his trousers are going at the knees son pantalon s'use aux genoux;

∎ the jacket went at the seams la veste a craqué aux coutures

(e) (deteriorate, fail → health) se détériorer; (→ hearing, sight) baisser;

∎ all his strength went and he fell to the floor il a perdu toutes ses forces et il est tombé par terre;

∎ his voice is going il devient aphone;

∎ his voice is gone il est aphone, il a une extinction de voix;

∎ her mind has started to go elle n'a plus toute sa tête ou toutes ses facultés

C.

(a) (begin an activity) commencer;

∎ what are we waiting for? let's go! qu'est-ce qu'on attend? allons-y!;

∎ familiar here goes!, here we go! allez!, on y va!;

∎ go! partez!;

∎ you'd better get going on or with that report! tu ferais bien de te mettre à ou de t'attaquer à ce rapport!;

∎ it won't be so hard once you get going ça ne sera pas si difficile une fois que tu seras lancé;

∎ familiar go to it! (get to work) au boulot!; (in encouragement) allez-y!

(b) (expressing intention)

∎ to be going to do sth (be about to) aller faire qch, être sur le point de faire qch; (intend to) avoir l'intention de faire qch;

∎ you were just going to tell me about it vous étiez sur le point de ou vous alliez m'en parler;

∎ I was going to visit her yesterday but her mother arrived j'avais l'intention de ou j'allais lui rendre visite hier mais sa mère est arrivée

(c) (expressing future)

∎ are you going to be at home tonight? est-ce que vous serez chez vous ce soir?;

∎ we're going to do exactly as we please nous ferons ce que nous voulons;

∎ she's going to be a doctor elle va être médecin;

∎ there's going to be a storm il va y avoir un orage;

∎ he's going to have to work really hard il va falloir qu'il travaille très dur

(d) (function → clock, machine) marcher, fonctionner; (start functioning) démarrer;

∎ is the fan going? est-ce que le ventilateur est en marche ou marche?;

∎ the car won't go la voiture ne veut pas démarrer;

∎ he had the television and the radio going il avait mis la télévision et la radio en marche;

∎ the washing machine is still going la machine à laver tourne encore, la lessive n'est pas terminée;

∎ to get sth going (car, machine) mettre qch en marche; (business, project) lancer qch;

∎ her daughter kept the business going sa fille a continué à faire marcher l'affaire;

∎ to keep a conversation/fire going entretenir une conversation/un feu

(e) (sound → alarm clock, bell) sonner; (→ alarm, siren) retentir

(f) (make movement)

∎ she went like this with her eyebrows elle a fait comme ça avec ses sourcils

(g) (appear)

∎ to go on radio/television passer à la radio/à la télévision

D.

(a) (disappear) disparaître;

∎ the snow has gone la neige a fondu ou disparu;

∎ all the sugar's gone il n'y a plus de sucre;

∎ my coat has gone mon manteau n'est plus là ou a disparu;

∎ all our money has gone (spent) nous avons dépensé tout notre argent; (lost) nous avons perdu tout notre argent; (stolen) on a volé tout notre argent;

∎ I don't know where the money goes these days l'argent disparaît à une vitesse incroyable ces temps-ci;

∎ gone are the days when he took her dancing elle est bien loin, l'époque où il l'emmenait danser

(b) (be eliminated)

∎ the last paragraph must go il faut supprimer le dernier paragraphe;

∎ I've decided that car has to go j'ai décidé de me débarrasser de cette voiture;

∎ that new secretary has got to go il va falloir se débarrasser de la nouvelle secrétaire

(c) euphemism (die) disparaître, s'éteindre;

∎ he is (dead and) gone il nous a quittés;

∎ his wife went first sa femme est partie avant lui;

∎ after I go... quand je ne serai plus là...

E.

(a) (extend, reach) aller, s'étendre;

∎ our property goes as far as the forest notre propriété va ou s'étend jusqu'au bois;

∎ the path goes right down to the beach le chemin descend jusqu'à la mer;

∎ figurative her thinking didn't go that far elle n'a pas poussé le raisonnement aussi loin;

∎ my salary doesn't go very far je ne vais pas loin avec mon salaire;

∎ money doesn't go very far these days l'argent part vite à notre époque;

∎ their difference of opinion goes deeper than I thought leur différend est plus profond que je ne pensais

(b) (belong) aller, se mettre, se ranger;

∎ the dictionaries go on that shelf les dictionnaires se rangent ou vont sur cette étagère;

∎ where do the towels go? où est-ce qu'on met les serviettes?;

∎ that painting goes here ce tableau se met ou va là

(c) (be contained in, fit) aller;

∎ this last sweater won't go in the suitcase ce dernier pull n'ira pas ou n'entrera pas dans la valise;

∎ the piano barely goes through the door le piano entre ou passe de justesse par la porte;

∎ this belt just goes round my waist cette ceinture est juste assez longue pour faire le tour de ma taille;

∎ the lid goes on easily enough le couvercle se met assez facilement

(d) (develop, turn out) se passer;

∎ how did your interview go? comment s'est passé ton entretien?;

∎ I'll see how things go je vais voir comment ça se passe;

∎ we can't tell how things will go on ne sait pas comment ça se passera;

∎ everything went well tout s'est bien passé;

∎ if all goes well si tout va bien;

∎ the meeting went badly/well la réunion s'est mal/bien passée;

∎ the negotiations are going well les négociations sont en bonne voie;

∎ the vote went against them/in their favour le vote leur a été défavorable/favorable;

∎ there's no doubt as to which way the decision will go on sait ce qui sera décidé;

∎ everything was going fine until she showed up tout allait ou se passait très bien jusqu'à ce qu'elle arrive;

∎ everything went wrong ça a mal tourné;

∎ familiar how's it going?, how are things going? (comment) ça va?;

∎ the way things are going, we might both be out of a job soon au train où vont ou vu comment vont les choses, nous allons bientôt nous retrouver tous les deux au chômage

(e) (time → elapse) s'écouler, passer; (→ last) durer;

∎ the journey went quickly je n'ai pas vu le temps passer pendant le voyage;

∎ there were only five minutes to go before… il ne restait que cinq minutes avant…;

∎ time goes so slowly when you're not here le temps me paraît tellement long quand tu n'es pas là;

∎ how's the time going? combien de temps reste-t-il?

F.

(a) (be accepted)

∎ what your mother says goes! fais ce que dit ta mère!;

∎ whatever the boss says goes c'est le patron qui fait la loi;

∎ anything goes on fait ce qu'on veut

(b) (be valid, hold true) s'appliquer;

∎ that rule goes for everyone cette règle s'applique à tout le monde;

∎ that goes for us too (that applies to us) ça s'applique à nous aussi; (we agree with that) nous sommes aussi de cet avis

(c) (be expressed, run → report, story)

∎ the story or rumour goes that she left him le bruit court qu'elle l'a quitté;

∎ so the story goes du moins c'est ce que l'on dit ou d'après les on-dit;

∎ how does the story go? comment c'est cette histoire?;

∎ I forget how the poem goes now j'ai oublié le poème maintenant;

∎ how does the tune go? c'est quoi ou c'est comment, l'air?;

∎ her theory goes something like this sa théorie est plus ou moins la suivante

(d) (be identified as)

∎ to go by or under the name of répondre au nom de;

∎ he now goes by or under another name il se fait appeler autrement maintenant

(e) (be sold) se vendre;

∎ flats are going cheap at the moment les appartements ne se vendent pas très cher en ce moment;

∎ the necklace went for £350 le collier s'est vendu 350 livres;

∎ going, going, gone! (at auction) une fois, deux fois, adjugé!

G.

(a) (be given → award, prize) aller, être donné; (→ inheritance, property) passer;

∎ the contract is to go to a private firm le contrat ira à une entreprise privée;

∎ credit should go to the teachers le mérite en revient aux enseignants;

∎ every penny will go to charity tout l'argent va ou est destiné à une œuvre de bienfaisance

(b) (be spent)

∎ a small portion of the budget went on education une petite part du budget a été consacrée ou est allée à l'éducation;

∎ all his money goes on drink tout son argent part dans la boisson

(c) (contribute) contribuer, servir;

∎ all that just goes to prove my point tout ça confirme bien ce que j'ai dit;

∎ it has all the qualities that go to make a good film ça a toutes les qualités d'un bon film

(d) (have recourse) avoir recours, recourir;

∎ to go to arbitration recourir à l'arbitrage

H.

(a) (be compatible → colours, flavours) aller ensemble;

∎ orange and mauve don't really go l'orange et le mauve ne vont pas vraiment ensemble

(b) (be available)

∎ let me know if you hear of any jobs going faites-moi savoir si vous entendez parler d'un emploi;

∎ are there any flats going for rent in this building? y a-t-il des appartements à louer dans cet immeuble?;

∎ familiar any whisky going? tu as un whisky à m'offrir?^□

(c) (endure) tenir le coup;

∎ we can't go much longer without water nous ne pourrons pas tenir beaucoup plus longtemps sans eau

(d) euphemism (go to the toilet)

∎ we'll only stop if you're really desperate to go on ne s'arrête que si tu ne tiens vraiment plus;

∎ I went before I came j'ai fait avant de venir

(e) Mathematics

∎ 5 into 60 goes 12 60 divisé par 5 égale 12;

∎ 6 into 5 won't go 5 n'est pas divisible par 6

(f) (idioms)

∎ she isn't bad, as teachers go elle n'est pas mal comme enseignante;

∎ as houses go, it's pretty cheap ce n'est pas cher pour une maison;

∎ as things go today par les temps qui courent;

∎ there goes my chance of winning a prize je peux abandonner tout espoir de gagner un prix;

∎ there you go again, always blaming other people ça y est, toujours à rejeter la responsabilité sur les autres;

∎ there you go! (here you are) tiens!; (I told you so) voilà!;

∎ there you go, two hamburgers and a coke et voici, deux hamburgers et un Coca;

∎ there you go, what did I tell you? voilà ou tiens, qu'est-ce que je t'avais dit!

2 transitive verb

(a) (follow, proceed along) aller, suivre;

∎ if we go this way, we'll get there much more quickly si nous passons par là, nous arriverons bien plus vite

(b) (travel) faire, voyager;

∎ we've only gone 5 kilometres nous n'avons fait que 5 kilomètres;

∎ she went the whole length of the street before coming back elle a descendu toute la rue avant de revenir

(c) (say) faire; (make specified noise) faire;

∎ ducks go "quack" les canards font "coin-coin";

∎ the clock goes "tick tock" l'horloge fait "tic tac";

∎ the gun went bang et pan! le coup est parti;

∎ familiar then he goes "hand it over" puis il fait "donne-le-moi"

(d) (in gambling)

∎ to go 10 risquer 10;

∎ Cards to go no/two trumps annoncer sans/deux atout(s);

∎ figurative to go one better (than sb) surenchérir (sur qn)

(e) familiar (do with)

∎ I could really go a beer je me paierais bien une bière

(f) (idioms) familiar old-fashioned

∎ to go it (go fast) filer; (behave wildly) se défoncer;

∎ familiar how goes it? ça marche?

3 noun

(a) British (attempt, try) coup m, essai m;

∎ to have a go at sth/doing sth essayer qch/de faire qch;

∎ he had another go il a fait une nouvelle tentative, il a ressayé;

∎ let's have a go! essayons!; familiar (let me try) laisse-moi essayer!^□ ;

∎ have another go! encore un coup!;

∎ I've never tried it but I'll give it a go je n'ai encore jamais fait l'expérience mais je vais essayer;

∎ she passed her exams first go elle a eu ses examens du premier coup;

∎ he knocked down all the skittles at one go il a renversé toutes les quilles d'un coup;

∎ £1 a go (at fair etc) une livre la partie ou le tour;

∎ to have a go on the dodgems faire un tour d'autos tamponneuses;

∎ he wouldn't let me have or give me a go (on his bicycle etc) il ne voulait pas me laisser l'essayer

(b) British (in games → turn) tour m;

∎ it's your go c'est ton tour ou c'est à toi (de jouer);

∎ whose go is it? à qui de jouer?, à qui le tour?

(c) familiar (energy, vitality) dynamisme^□ m, entrain^□ m;

∎ to be full of go avoir plein d'énergie, être très dynamique;

∎ she's got plenty of go elle est pleine d'entrain;

∎ the new man has no go in him le nouveau manque d'entrain

(d) familiar (success) succès^□ m, réussite^□ f;

∎ he's made a go of the business il a réussi à faire marcher l'affaire;

∎ to make a go of a marriage réussir un mariage;

∎ I tried to persuade her but it was no go j'ai essayé de la convaincre mais il n'y avait rien à faire

(e) (fashion) mode f;

∎ short hair is all the go les cheveux courts sont le dernier cri ou font fureur

(f) familiar (idioms)

∎ to have a go at sb (physically) rentrer dans qn; (verbally) passer un savon à qn;

∎ they had a real go at one another! qu'est-ce qu'ils se sont mis!;

∎ she had a go at her boyfriend elle a passé un de ces savons à son copain;

∎ British police have warned the public not to have a go, the fugitive may be armed la police a prévenu la population de ne pas s'en prendre au fugitif car il pourrait être armé;

∎ it's all go ça n'arrête pas!;

∎ all systems go! c'est parti!;

∎ the shuttle is go for landing la navette est bonne ou est parée ou a le feu vert pour l'atterrissage

4 going on adverb

∎ he must be going on fifty il doit approcher de la ou aller sur la cinquantaine;

∎ it was going on (for) midnight by the time we finished quand on a terminé, il était près de minuit

5 on the go adjective familiar

(a) (busy)

∎ I've been on the go all day je n'ai pas arrêté de toute la journée^□ ;

∎ to be always on the go être toujours à trotter ou à courir, avoir la bougeotte;

∎ to keep sb on the go faire trimer qn

(b) (in hand)

∎ I have several projects on the go at present j'ai plusieurs projets en route en ce moment^□

6 to go

1 adverb

à faire;

∎ there are only three weeks/five miles to go il ne reste plus que trois semaines/cinq miles;

∎ five done, three to go cinq de faits, trois à faire

2 adjective

esp American (to take out) two hamburgers to go deux hamburgers à emporter!

➲ go about

1 intransitive verb

(a) (move) circuler; (of rumour) courir;

∎ policemen usually go about in pairs en général, les policiers circulent par deux;

∎ you can't go about saying things like that! il ne faut pas raconter des choses pareilles!

(b) Nautical (change tack) virer de bord

2 inseparable transitive verb

(a) (get on with) s'occuper de;

∎ to go about one's business vaquer à ses occupations

(b) (set about) se mettre à;

∎ she showed me how to go about it elle m'a montré comment faire ou comment m'y prendre;

∎ how do you go about applying for the job? comment doit-on s'y prendre ou faire pour postuler l'emploi?

(c) (country) parcourir

➲ go about with inseparable transitive verb

(frequent)

∎ her son goes about with an older crowd son fils fréquente des gens plus âgés que lui;

∎ he's going about with Rachel these days il sort avec Rachel en ce moment

➲ go across

1 inseparable transitive verb

traverser

2 intransitive verb

traverser;

∎ your brother has just gone across to the shop ton frère est allé faire un saut au magasin en face

➲ go after inseparable transitive verb

(a) (follow) suivre

(b) (pursue, seek → criminal) poursuivre; (→ prey) chasser; (→ job, prize) essayer d'obtenir;

∎ he goes after all the women il court après toutes les femmes;

∎ I'm going after that job je vais essayer d'obtenir cet emploi

➲ go against inseparable transitive verb

(a) (disregard) aller contre, aller à l'encontre de;

∎ she went against my advice elle n'a pas suivi mon conseil;

∎ I went against my mother's wishes je suis allé contre ou j'ai contrarié les désirs de ma mère

(b) (conflict with) contredire;

∎ that goes against what he told me c'est en contradiction avec ou ça contredit ce qu'il m'a dit;

∎ the decision went against public opinion la décision est allée à l'encontre de ou a heurté l'opinion publique;

∎ it goes against my principles c'est contre mes principes

(c) (be unfavourable to → of luck, situation) être contraire à; (→ of opinion) être défavorable à; (→ of behaviour, evidence) nuire à, être préjudiciable à;

∎ the verdict went against the defendant le verdict a été défavorable à l'accusé ou a été prononcé contre l'accusé;

∎ if luck should go against him si la chance lui était contraire;

∎ her divorce may go against her winning the election son divorce pourrait nuire à ses chances de gagner les élections

➲ go ahead intransitive verb

(a) (precede) passer devant;

∎ he went ahead of us il est parti avant nous;

∎ I let him go ahead of me in the queue je l'ai fait passer devant moi dans la queue

(b) (proceed) aller de l'avant;

∎ go ahead! tell me! vas-y! dis-le-moi!;

∎ the mayor allowed the demonstrations to go ahead le maire a permis aux manifestations d'avoir lieu;

∎ the move had gone ahead as planned le déménagement s'était déroulé comme prévu;

∎ to go ahead with sth démarrer qch;

∎ they're going ahead with the project after all ils ont finalement décidé de mener le projet à bien;

∎ he went ahead and did it (without hesitating) il l'a fait sans l'ombre d'une hésitation; (despite warnings) rien ne l'a arrêté

(c) (advance, progress) progresser, faire des progrès

➲ go along intransitive verb

(a) (move from one place to another) aller, avancer;

∎ go along and ask your mother va demander à ta mère;

∎ she went along with them to the fair elle les a accompagnés ou elle est allée avec eux à la foire;

∎ we can talk it over as we go along nous pouvons en discuter en chemin ou en cours de route;

∎ I just make it up as I go along j'invente au fur et à mesure

(b) (progress) se dérouler, se passer;

∎ things were going along nicely tout allait ou se passait bien

(c) (go to meeting, party etc) aller

➲ go along with inseparable transitive verb

(decision, order) accepter, s'incliner devant; (rule) observer, respecter;

∎ that's what they decided and I went along with it c'est la décision qu'ils ont prise et je l'ai acceptée;

∎ I go along with the committee on that point je suis d'accord avec ou je soutiens le comité sur ce point;

∎ I can't go along with you on that je ne suis pas d'accord avec vous là-dessus;

∎ he went along with his father's wishes il s'est conformé aux ou a respecté les désirs de son père

➲ go around intransitive verb

(a) (habitually) passer son temps à;

∎ he goes around mumbling to himself il passe son temps à radoter;

∎ she just goes around annoying everyone elle passe son temps à énerver tout le monde;

∎ he goes around in black leather il se promène toujours en ou il est toujours habillé en cuir noir

(b) (document, illness) circuler; (gossip, rumour) courir, circuler

(c) (be long enough for)

∎ will that belt go around your waist? est-ce que cette ceinture sera assez grande pour toi?

➲ go around with = go about with

➲ go at inseparable transitive verb

familiar (attack → food) attaquer, se jeter sur; (→ job, task) s'attaquer à; (→ person) attaquer;

∎ they were still going at it the next day ils y étaient encore le lendemain;

∎ she went at the cleaning with a will elle s'est attaquée au nettoyage avec ardeur

➲ go away intransitive verb

partir, s'en aller;

∎ go away! va-t'en!;

∎ I'm going away for a few days je pars pour quelques jours;

∎ she's gone away to think about it elle est partie réfléchir

➲ go back intransitive verb

(a) (return) revenir, retourner;

∎ she went back to bed elle est retournée au lit, elle s'est recouchée;

∎ to go back to sleep se rendormir;

∎ they went back home ils sont rentrés chez eux ou à la maison;

∎ I went back downstairs/upstairs je suis redescendu/remonté;

∎ to go back to work (continue task) se remettre au travail; (return to place of work) retourner travailler; (return to employment) reprendre le travail;

∎ to go back on one's steps rebrousser chemin, revenir sur ses pas;

∎ let's go back to chapter two revenons ou retournons au deuxième chapitre;

∎ we went back to the beginning nous avons recommencé;

∎ let's go back to why you said that revenons à la question de savoir pourquoi vous avez dit ça;

∎ the clocks go back one hour today on retarde les pendules d'une heure aujourd'hui

(b) (retreat) reculer;

∎ go back! recule!

(c) (revert) revenir;

∎ we went back to the old system nous sommes revenus à l'ancien système;

∎ he went back to his old habits il a repris ses anciennes habitudes;

∎ the conversation kept going back to the same subject la conversation revenait sans cesse sur le même sujet;

∎ men are going back to wearing their hair long les hommes reviennent aux cheveux longs ou se laissent à nouveau pousser les cheveux

(d) (in time) remonter;

∎ our records go back to 1850 nos archives remontent à 1850;

∎ this building goes back to the Revolution ce bâtiment date de ou remonte à la Révolution;

∎ familiar we go back a long way, Brad and me ça remonte à loin, Brad et moi

(e) (extend, reach) s'étendre;

∎ the garden goes back 150 metres le jardin s'étend sur 150 mètres

➲ go back on inseparable transitive verb

(fail to keep → agreement) rompre, violer; (→ promise) manquer à, revenir sur;

∎ they went back on their decision ils sont revenus sur leur décision;

∎ he won't go back on his word il ne manquera pas à sa parole

➲ go before

1 intransitive verb

(precede) passer devant; (happen before) précéder;

∎ that question has nothing to do with what went before cette question n'a rien à voir avec ce qui précède ou avec ce qui a été dit avant;

∎ the election was like nothing that had gone before l'élection ne ressemblait en rien aux précédentes;

∎ euphemism those who have gone before (the dead) ceux qui nous ont précédés

2 inseparable transitive verb

(a) (precede) précéder;

∎ we are indebted to those who have gone before us nous devons beaucoup à ceux qui nous ont précédés

(b) (appear before)

∎ your suggestion will go before the committee votre suggestion sera soumise au comité;

∎ to go before a judge/jury passer devant un juge/un jury;

∎ the matter went before the court l'affaire est allée devant les tribunaux

➲ go below intransitive verb

Nautical descendre dans l'entrepont

➲ go by

1 intransitive verb

(pass → car, person) passer; (→ time) passer, s'écouler;

∎ as the years go by avec les années, à mesure que les années passent;

∎ in days or in times or in years gone by autrefois, jadis;

∎ to let an opportunity go by laisser passer une occasion

2 inseparable transitive verb

(a) (act in accordance with, be guided by) suivre, se baser sur;

∎ don't go by the map ne vous fiez pas à la carte;

∎ I'll go by what the boss says je me baserai sur ce que dit le patron;

∎ he goes by the rules il suit le règlement

(b) (judge by) juger d'après;

∎ going by her accent, I'd say she's from New York si j'en juge d'après son accent, je dirais qu'elle vient de New York;

∎ you can't go by appearances on ne peut pas juger d'après ou sur les apparences

(c) (be known by)

∎ to go by a different/false name être connu sous un nom différent/un faux nom;

∎ the product goes by the name of "Bango" in France ce produit est vendu sous le nom de "Bango" en France

➲ go down

1 intransitive verb

(a) (descend, move to lower level) descendre;

∎ he went down on all fours or on his hands and knees il s'est mis à quatre pattes;

∎ going down! (in lift) on descend!, pour descendre!

(b) (proceed, travel) aller;

∎ we're going down to Tours/the country/the shop nous allons à Tours/à la campagne/au magasin

(c) (set → moon, sun) se coucher, tomber

(d) (sink → ship) couler, sombrer; (→ person) couler, disparaître (sous l'eau)

(e) (decrease, decline → level, price, quality) baisser; (→ amount, numbers) diminuer; (→ rate, temperature) baisser, s'abaisser; (→ fever) baisser, tomber; (→ tide) descendre;

∎ the dollar is going down in value le dollar perd de sa valeur, le dollar est en baisse;

∎ eggs are going down (in price) le prix des œufs baisse;

∎ my weight has gone down j'ai perdu du poids;

∎ he's gone down in my estimation il a baissé dans mon estime;

∎ the neighbourhood's really gone down since then le quartier ne s'est vraiment pas arrangé depuis;

∎ to have gone down in the world avoir connu des jours meilleurs

(f) (become less swollen → swelling) désenfler, dégonfler; (→ balloon, tyre) se dégonfler

(g) (food, medicine) descendre;

∎ this wine goes down very smoothly ce vin se laisse boire (comme du petit-lait)

(h) (produce specified reaction) être reçu;

∎ a cup of coffee would go down nicely une tasse de café serait la bienvenue;

∎ his speech went down badly/well son discours a été mal/bien reçu;

∎ how will the proposal go down with the students? comment les étudiants vont-ils prendre la proposition?;

∎ that kind of talk doesn't go down well with me je n'apprécie pas du tout ce genre de propos

(i) (lose) être battu;

∎ Mexico went down to Germany le Mexique s'est incliné devant l'Allemagne;

∎ Madrid went down to Milan by three points Milan a battu Madrid de trois points;

∎ I'm not going to go down without a fight je me battrai jusqu'à la fin

(j) (be relegated) descendre;

∎ our team has gone down to the second division notre équipe est descendue en deuxième division

(k) (be noted, recorded) être noté; (in writing) être pris ou couché par écrit;

∎ this day will go down in history ce jour restera une date historique;

∎ she will go down in history as a woman of great courage elle entrera dans l'histoire grâce à son grand courage

(l) (reach as far as) descendre, s'étendre;

∎ this path goes down to the beach ce sentier va ou descend à la plage

(m) (continue as far as) aller, continuer;

∎ go down to the end of the street allez ou continuez jusqu'en bas de la rue

(n) British University entrer dans la période des vacances

(o) Cards (in bridge) chuter

(p) Computing tomber en panne; (of computer network) planter;

∎ the computer's gone down l'ordinateur est en panne

(q) Music (lower pitch) descendre

(r) British familiar (be sent to prison)

∎ how long do you think he'll go down for? il écopera de combien, à ton avis?;

∎ he went down for three years il a écopé de trois ans

(s) American familiar (happen) se passer^□

2 inseparable transitive verb

(hill, stairs, ladder, street) descendre;

∎ my food went down the wrong way j'ai avalé de travers;

∎ Music the pianist went down an octave le pianiste a joué une octave plus bas ou a descendu d'une octave;

∎ British School to go down a class descendre d'une classe;

∎ figurative I don't want to go down that road je ne veux pas m'engager là-dedans

➲ go down on inseparable transitive verb

vulgar (fellate) sucer, tailler ou faire une pipe à; (perform cunnilingus on) sucer, brouter le cresson à

➲ go down with inseparable transitive verb

tomber malade de;

∎ he went down with pneumonia/the flu il a attrapé une pneumonie/la grippe

➲ go for inseparable transitive verb

(a) (fetch) aller chercher;

∎ he went for a doctor il est allé ou parti chercher un médecin

(b) (try to obtain) essayer d'obtenir, viser;

∎ she's going for his job elle va essayer d'obtenir son poste;

∎ familiar go for it! vas-y!;

∎ I'd go for it if I were you! à ta place, je n'hésiterais pas!;

∎ she was really going for it elle donnait vraiment son maximum

(c) (attack → physically) tomber sur, s'élancer sur; (→ verbally) s'en prendre à;

∎ dogs usually go for the throat en général, les chiens attaquent à la gorge;

∎ they went for each other (physically) ils se sont jetés l'un sur l'autre; (verbally) ils s'en sont pris l'un à l'autre;

∎ the newspapers really went for the senator les journaux s'en sont pris au sénateur sans retenue;

∎ go for him! (to dog) attaque!

(d) familiar (like) aimer^□, adorer^□ ;

∎ I don't really go for that idea l'idée ne me dit pas grand-chose;

∎ he really goes for her in a big way il est vraiment fou d'elle

(e) (choose, prefer) choisir, préférer

(f) (apply to, concern) concerner, s'appliquer à;

∎ what I said goes for both of you ce que j'ai dit vaut pour ou s'applique à vous deux;

∎ pollution is a real problem in Paris - that goes for Rome too la pollution pose un énorme problème à Paris - c'est la même chose à Rome;

∎ and the same goes for me et moi aussi

(g) (have as result) servir à;

∎ his twenty years of service went for nothing ses vingt ans de service n'ont servi à rien

(h) (be to the advantage of)

∎ she has a lot going for her elle a beaucoup d'atouts;

∎ that idea hasn't got much going for it frankly cette idée n'est franchement pas très convaincante

➲ go forth intransitive verb archaic or literary

(a) (leave) sortir;

∎ the army went forth into battle l'armée s'est mise en route pour la bataille;

∎ Bible go forth and multiply croissez et multipliez-vous

(b) (be pronounced) être prononcé; (be published) paraître;

∎ the command went forth that… il fut décrété que…

➲ go forward intransitive verb

(s')avancer;

∎ the clocks go forward tomorrow on avance les pendules demain;

∎ if this scheme goes forward… si ce projet est accepté…

➲ go in intransitive verb

(a) (enter) entrer, rentrer;

∎ it's cold - let's go in il fait froid - entrons;

∎ it's too big, it won't go in c'est trop grand, ça ne rentrera pas

(b) (disappear → moon, sun) se cacher

(c) Sport (in cricket) prendre son tour au guichet

(d) Military (attack) attaquer

➲ go in for inseparable transitive verb

(a) (engage in → activity, hobby, sport) pratiquer, faire; (→ occupation) se consacrer à; (→ politics) s'occuper de, faire;

∎ she went in for company law elle s'est lancée dans le droit commercial;

∎ he thought about going in for teaching il a pensé devenir enseignant

(b) familiar (be interested in) s'intéresser à^□ ; (like) aimer^□ ;

∎ I don't go in much for opera je n'aime pas trop l'opéra, l'opéra ne me dit rien;

∎ he goes in for special effects in a big way il est très branché effets spéciaux;

∎ we don't go in for that kind of film nous n'aimons pas ce genre de film;

∎ this publisher doesn't really go in for fiction cet éditeur ne fait pas tellement dans le roman

(c) familiar (use)

∎ they don't go in for injections so much nowadays ils ne sont pas tellement pour les piqûres de nos jours;

∎ why do scientists go in for all that jargon? pourquoi est-ce que les scientifiques utilisent tout ce jargon?

(d) (take part in → competition, race) prendre part à; (→ examination) se présenter à

(e) (apply for → job, position) poser sa candidature à, postuler

➲ go into inseparable transitive verb

(a) (enter → building, house) entrer dans; (→ activity, profession) entrer à ou dans; (→ politics, business) se lancer dans;

∎ she's gone into hospital elle est (r)entrée à l'hôpital;

∎ to go into the army (as profession) devenir militaire de carrière; (as conscript) partir au service;

∎ he went into medicine il a choisi la médecine

(b) (be invested → of effort, money, time)

∎ a lot of care had gone into making her feel at home on s'était donné beaucoup de peine pour la mettre à l'aise;

∎ two months of research went into our report nous avons mis ou investi deux mois de recherche dans notre rapport

(c) (embark on → action) commencer à; (→ explanation, speech) se lancer ou s'embarquer dans, (se mettre à) donner; (→ problem) aborder;

∎ I'll go into the problem of your taxes later j'aborderai le problème de vos impôts plus tard;

∎ the car went into a skid la voiture a commencé à déraper;

∎ to go into hysterics avoir une crise de nerfs;

∎ to go into fits of laughter être pris d'un fou rire

(d) (examine, investigate) examiner, étudier;

∎ you need to go into the question more deeply vous devez examiner le problème de plus près;

∎ the matter is being gone into l'affaire est à l'étude

(e) (explain in depth) entrer dans;

∎ the essay goes into the moral aspects of the question l'essai aborde les aspects moraux de la question;

∎ I won't go into details je ne vais pas entrer dans les détails;

∎ let's not go into that ne parlons pas de ça

(f) (begin to wear) se mettre à porter;

∎ to go into mourning prendre le deuil

(g) (hit, run into) entrer dans;

∎ a car went into him une voiture lui est rentrée dedans

(h) Computing (file, program) aller dans;

∎ to go into a file aller dans un fichier

➲ go off

1 intransitive verb

(a) (leave) partir, s'en aller;

∎ she went off to work elle est partie travailler;

∎ her husband has gone off and left her son mari l'a quittée;

∎ Theatre the actors went off les acteurs ont quitté la scène

(b) (stop operating → light, radio) s'éteindre; (→ heating) s'éteindre, s'arrêter; (→ pain) partir, s'arrêter;

∎ the electricity went off l'électricité a été coupée

(c) (become activated → bomb, firework) exploser; (→ gun) partir; (→ alarm, alarm clock) sonner;

∎ the grenade went off in her hand la grenade a explosé dans sa main;

∎ the gun didn't go off le coup n'est pas parti;

∎ figurative to go off into fits of laughter être pris d'un fou rire

(d) (have specified outcome) se passer;

∎ the interview went off badly/well l'entretien s'est mal/bien passé;

∎ her speech went off well son discours a été bien reçu

(e) (fall asleep) s'endormir

(f) British (deteriorate → food) s'avarier, se gâter; (→ milk) tourner; (→ butter) rancir; (→ athlete, sportsperson) perdre sa forme;

∎ the play goes off in the second half la pièce se gâte pendant la seconde partie

2 inseparable transitive verb

British familiar (stop liking) perdre le goût de^□ ;

∎ he's gone off classical music/smoking il n'aime plus la musique classique/fumer, la musique classique/fumer ne l'intéresse plus;

∎ I've gone off the idea cette idée ne me dit plus rien;

∎ she's gone off her boyfriend son copain ne l'intéresse plus;

∎ funny how you can go off people c'est drôle comme on se lasse des gens parfois

➲ go off with inseparable transitive verb

(a) (leave with) partir avec;

∎ he went off with the woman next door il est parti avec la voisine

(b) (make off with) partir avec;

∎ someone has gone off with his keys quelqu'un est parti avec ses clés;

∎ he went off with the jewels il s'est enfui avec les bijoux

➲ go on

1 intransitive verb

(a) (move, proceed) aller; (without stopping) poursuivre son chemin; (after stopping) repartir, se remettre en route;

∎ you go on, I'll catch up allez-y, je vous rattraperai (en chemin);

∎ they went on without us ils sont partis sans nous;

∎ after dinner they went on to Susan's house après le dîner, ils sont allés chez Susan;

∎ we went on home nous sommes rentrés

(b) (continue action) continuer;

∎ she went on (with her) reading elle a continué à ou de lire;

∎ the chairman went on speaking le président a continué son discours;

∎ "and that's not all", he went on "et ce n'est pas tout", a-t-il poursuivi;

∎ you can't go on being a student for ever! tu ne peux pas être étudiant toute ta vie!;

∎ go on looking! cherchez encore!;

∎ go on, ask her vas-y, demande-lui;

∎ familiar go on, be a devil vas-y, laisse-toi tenter!;

∎ go on, I'm listening continuez, je vous écoute;

∎ I can't go on like this! je ne peux plus continuer comme ça!;

∎ if he goes on like this, he'll get fired s'il continue comme ça, il va se faire renvoyer;

∎ their affair has been going on for years leur liaison dure depuis des années;

∎ the party went on into the small hours la soirée s'est prolongée jusqu'à très tôt le matin;

∎ life goes on la vie continue ou va son train;

∎ British familiar go on (with you)! allons, arrête de me faire marcher!;

∎ they have enough (work) to be going on with ils ont du pain sur la planche ou de quoi faire pour le moment;

∎ here's £25 to be going on with voilà 25 livres pour te dépanner

(c) (proceed to another action)

∎ he went on to explain why il a ensuite expliqué pourquoi;

∎ to go on to another question passer à une autre question;

∎ she went on to become a doctor elle est ensuite devenue médecin

(d) (be placed, fit) aller;

∎ the lid goes on this way le couvercle se met comme ça;

∎ I can't get the lid to go on je n'arrive pas à mettre le couvercle;

∎ the cap goes on the other end le bouchon se met ou va sur l'autre bout

(e) (happen, take place) se passer;

∎ what's going on here? qu'est-ce qui se passe ici?;

∎ there was a fight going on il y avait une bagarre;

∎ a lot of cheating goes on during the exams on triche beaucoup pendant les examens;

∎ several conversations were going on at once il y avait plusieurs conversations à la fois;

∎ while the war was going on pendant la guerre

(f) (elapse) passer, s'écouler;

∎ as the week went on au fur et à mesure que la semaine passait;

∎ as time goes on avec le temps, à mesure que le temps passe

(g) familiar (chatter, talk) parler^□, jacasser^□ ;

∎ she does go on! elle n'arrête pas de parler!, c'est un vrai moulin à paroles!;

∎ he goes on and on about politics il parle politique sans cesse;

∎ don't go on about it! ça va, on a compris!;

∎ I don't want to go on about it, but... je ne voudrais pas avoir l'air d'insister, mais...;

∎ what are you going on about now? qu'est-ce que vous racontez?

(h) familiar (act, behave) se conduire^□, se comporter^□ ;

∎ what a way to go on! en voilà des manières!

(i) (start operating → light, radio, television) s'allumer; (→ heating, motor, power) s'allumer, se mettre en marche

(j) Sport (player) prendre sa place, entrer en jeu

(k) Theatre (actor) entrer en scène

(l) (approach)

∎ he's going on for forty il va sur ses quarante ans

2 inseparable transitive verb

(a) (enter → boat, train) monter dans

(b) (embark on)

∎ to go on a journey/a holiday partir en voyage/en vacances;

∎ to go on a diet se mettre au régime

(c) (be guided by) se laisser guider par, se fonder ou se baser sur;

∎ the detective didn't have much to go on le détective n'avait pas grand-chose sur quoi s'appuyer ou qui puisse le guider;

∎ she goes a lot on instinct elle se fie beaucoup à ou se fonde beaucoup sur son instinct

(d) (approach)

∎ he's going on forty-five il va sur ses quarante-cinq ans;

∎ humorous she's fifteen going on forty-five (wise) elle a quinze ans mais elle est déjà très mûre; (old beyond her years) elle a quinze ans mais elle est vieille avant l'âge

(e) British familiar (usu neg) (appreciate, like) aimer^□ ;

∎ I don't go much on abstract art l'art abstrait ne me dit pas grand-chose

➲ go on at inseparable transitive verb

familiar (criticize) critiquer^□ ; (nag) s'en prendre à^□ ;

∎ the boss went on and on at her at the meeting le patron n'a pas cessé de s'en prendre à elle pendant la réunion;

∎ he's always going on at his wife about money il est toujours sur le dos de sa femme avec les questions d'argent;

∎ I went on at my mother to go and see the doctor j'ai embêté ma mère pour qu'elle aille voir le médecin;

∎ don't go on at me! laisse-moi tranquille!

➲ go out intransitive verb

(a) (leave) sortir;

∎ my parents made us go out of the room mes parents nous ont fait sortir de la pièce ou quitter la pièce;

∎ to go out for a meal aller au restaurant;

∎ to go out to dinner sortir dîner;

∎ to go out for a walk aller se promener, aller faire une promenade;

∎ she's gone out to get a paper elle est sortie (pour) acheter un journal;

∎ they went out to the country ils sont allés ou ils ont fait une sortie à la campagne;

∎ she goes out to work elle travaille en dehors de la maison ou hors de chez elle;

∎ he went out of her life il est sorti de sa vie;

∎ she was dressed to go out (ready to leave) elle était prête à sortir; (dressed up) elle était très habillée

(b) (travel) partir; (emigrate) émigrer;

∎ they went out to Africa (travelled) ils sont partis en Afrique; (emigrated) ils sont partis vivre ou ils ont émigré en Afrique

(c) (date) sortir;

∎ to go out with sb sortir avec qn;

∎ we've been going out together for a month ça fait un mois que nous sortons ensemble

(d) (fire, light) s'éteindre

(e) (disappear) disparaître;

∎ the joy went out of her eyes la joie a disparu de son regard;

∎ the spring went out of his step il a perdu sa démarche légère;

∎ all the heart went out of her elle a perdu courage

(f) (cease to be fashionable) passer de mode, se démoder;

∎ to go out of style/fashion ne plus être le bon style/à la mode;

∎ familiar that hairstyle went out with the ark cette coiffure remonte au déluge

(g) (tide) descendre, se retirer;

∎ the tide has gone out la marée est descendue, la mer s'est retirée;

∎ the tide goes out 6 kilometres la mer se retire sur 6 kilomètres

(h) figurative (set out)

∎ I went out to see for myself j'ai décidé de voir par moi-même;

∎ we have to go out and do something about this il faut que nous prenions des mesures ou que nous fassions quelque chose

(i) (be sent → letter) être envoyé; (be published → brochure, pamphlet) être distribué; (be broadcast → radio or television programme) être diffusé

(j) (feelings, sympathies) aller;

∎ our thoughts go out to all those who suffer nos pensées vont vers tous ceux qui souffrent;

∎ my heart goes out to her je suis de tout cœur avec elle dans son chagrin

(k) Sport (be eliminated) être éliminé;

∎ Agassi went out to Henman Agassi s'est fait sortir par Henman

(l) Cards terminer

(m) familiar (idiom)

∎ she went all out to help us elle a fait tout son possible pour nous aider^□

➲ go over

1 intransitive verb

(a) (move overhead) passer;

∎ I just saw a plane go over je viens de voir passer un avion

(b) (move in particular direction) aller; (cross) traverser;

∎ I went over to see her je suis allé la voir;

∎ they went over to talk to her ils sont allés lui parler;

∎ to go over to Europe aller en Europe

(c) (turn upside down) se retourner; (capsize → boat) chavirer, capoter

(d) (change, switch) changer;

∎ I've gone over to another brand of washing powder je viens de changer de marque de lessive;

∎ when will we go over to the metric system? quand est-ce qu'on va passer au système métrique?

(e) (change allegiance) passer, se joindre;

∎ he's gone over to the Socialists il est passé dans le camp des socialistes;

∎ she went over to the enemy elle est passée à l'ennemi

(f) (be received) passer;

∎ the speech went over badly/well le discours a mal/bien passé

2 inseparable transitive verb

(a) (move, travel over) passer par-dessus;

∎ the horse went over the fence le cheval a sauté (par-dessus) la barrière;

∎ we went over a bump on a pris une bosse

(b) (examine → argument, problem) examiner, considérer; (→ accounts, report) examiner, vérifier;

∎ would you go over my report? voulez-vous regarder mon rapport?

(c) (repeat) répéter; (review → notes, speech) réviser, revoir; (→ facts) récapituler, revoir; School réviser;

∎ she went over the interview in her mind elle a repassé l'entretien dans son esprit;

∎ I kept going over everything leading up to the accident je continuais de repenser à tous les détails qui avaient conduit à l'accident;

∎ let's go over it again reprenons, récapitulons;

∎ he goes over and over the same stories il rabâche les mêmes histoires

(d) (rehearse) refaire; (bars of music) rejouer; (sing) rechanter

(e) Television & Radio

∎ let's go over now to our Birmingham studios passons l'antenne à notre studio de Birmingham;

∎ we're going over live now to Paris nous allons maintenant à Paris où nous sommes en direct

➲ go past inseparable transitive verb

(move in front of) passer devant; (move beyond) dépasser

➲ go round

1 intransitive verb

(a) (be enough)

∎ is there enough cake to go round? est-ce qu'il y a assez de gâteau pour tout le monde?;

∎ to make the food go round ménager la nourriture

(b) (visit) aller;

∎ we went round to his house nous sommes allés chez lui;

∎ I'm going round there later on j'y vais plus tard

(c) (circulate → rumour) circuler, courir; (→ bottle, cold, flu) circuler

(d) (be continuously present → idea, tune)

∎ that song keeps going round in my head j'ai cette chanson dans la tête

(e) (spin → wheel) tourner;

∎ figurative my head's going round j'ai la tête qui tourne

(f) (make a detour) faire un détour;

∎ to go round the long way faire un long détour

2 inseparable transitive verb

(tour → museum) faire le tour de;

∎ I hate going round the shops j'ai horreur de faire les boutiques

➲ go through

1 inseparable transitive verb

(a) (crowd, tunnel) traverser;

∎ figurative a shiver went through her un frisson l'a parcourue ou traversée

(b) (endure, experience) subir, souffrir;

∎ he's going through hell c'est l'enfer pour lui;

∎ we all have to go through it sometime on doit tous y passer un jour ou l'autre;

∎ I can't face going through all that again je ne supporterais pas de passer par là une deuxième fois;

∎ after everything she's gone through après tout ce qu'elle a subi ou enduré;

∎ we've gone through a lot together nous avons vécu beaucoup de choses ensemble

(c) (consume, use up → supplies) épuiser; (→ money) dépenser; (→ food) consommer; (wear out) user;

∎ she goes through a pair of tights a week elle use une paire de collants par semaine;

∎ I've gone through the toes of my socks j'ai usé ou troué mes chaussettes au bout;

∎ humorous how many assistants has he gone through now? combien d'assistants a-t-il déjà eus?;

∎ his novel has gone through six editions il y a déjà eu six éditions de son roman

(d) (examine → accounts, document) examiner, vérifier; (→ list, proposal) éplucher; (→ mail) dépouiller; (→ drawer, pockets) fouiller (dans); (→ files) chercher dans; (sort) trier;

∎ we went through the contract together nous avons regardé ou examiné le contrat ensemble;

∎ did customs go through your suitcase? est-ce qu'ils ont fouillé votre valise à la douane?;

∎ he went through her pockets il a fouillé ses poches

(e) (of bill, law) être voté;

∎ the bill went through Parliament last week le projet de loi a été voté la semaine dernière au Parlement

(f) (carry out, perform → movement, work) faire; (→ formalities) remplir, accomplir;

∎ Music let's go through the introduction again reprenons l'introduction;

∎ we had to go through the whole business of applying for a visa nous avons dû nous farcir toutes les démarches pour obtenir un visa

(g) (participate in → course of study) étudier; (→ ceremony) participer à

(h) (practise → lesson, poem) réciter; (→ role, scene) répéter;

∎ let's go through it again from the beginning reprenons dès le début

2 intransitive verb

(a) (travel through, penetrate) passer, traverser

(b) (offer, proposal) être accepté; (business deal) être conclu, se faire; (bill, law) passer, être voté; (divorce) être prononcé;

∎ the adoption finally went through l'adoption s'est faite finalement

➲ go through with inseparable transitive verb

∎ to go through with sth aller jusqu'au bout de qch, exécuter qch;

∎ he'll never go through with it il n'ira jamais jusqu'au bout;

∎ they went through with their threat ils ont exécuté leur menace

➲ go together intransitive verb

(a) (colours, flavours) aller bien ensemble; (characteristics, ideas) aller de pair;

∎ the two things often go together les deux choses vont souvent de pair

(b) American (people) sortir ensemble

➲ go towards inseparable transitive verb

(a) (move towards) aller vers

(b) (effort, money) être consacré à;

∎ all her energy went towards fighting illiteracy elle a dépensé toute son énergie à combattre l'analphabétisme

➲ go under

1 intransitive verb

(a) (go down → ship) couler, sombrer; (→ person) couler, disparaître (sous l'eau)

(b) figurative (fail → business) couler, faire faillite; (→ project) couler, échouer; (→ person) échouer, sombrer

(c) (under anaesthetic) s'endormir

2 inseparable transitive verb

(a) (move, travel underneath) passer par-dessous

(b) (be known)

∎ to go under a false/different name utiliser ou prendre un faux nom/un nom différent;

∎ a glue that goes under the name of Stikit une colle qui s'appelle Stikit

➲ go up

1 intransitive verb

(a) (ascend, climb → person) monter, aller en haut; (→ lift) monter;

∎ to go up to town aller en ville;

∎ I'm going up to bed je monte me coucher;

∎ have you ever gone up in an aeroplane? êtes-vous déjà monté en avion?;

∎ going up! (in lift) on monte!;

∎ to go up in the world faire son chemin

(b) (increase → amount, numbers) augmenter, croître; (→ price) monter, augmenter; (→ temperature) monter, s'élever;

∎ rents are going up les loyers sont en hausse;

∎ meat is going up (in price) (le prix de) la viande augmente;

∎ to go up in sb's estimation monter dans l'estime de qn

(c) (sudden noise) s'élever;

∎ a shout went up un cri s'éleva

(d) (appear → notices, posters) apparaître; (be built) être construit;

∎ new buildings are going up all over town de nouveaux immeubles surgissent dans toute la ville

(e) (explode, be destroyed) sauter, exploser

(f) Music (raise pitch) monter

(g) Theatre (curtain) se lever;

∎ before the curtain goes up avant le lever du rideau

(h) British University entrer à l'université;

∎ she went up to Oxford in 1950 elle est entrée à Oxford en 1950

(i) American familiar (be sent to prison)

∎ he went up for murder il a fait de la taule pour meurtre

(j) Sport (be promoted)

∎ they look set to go up to the First Division ils ont l'air prêts à entrer en première division

2 inseparable transitive verb

monter;

∎ to go up a hill/ladder monter une colline/sur une échelle;

∎ Music the pianist went up an octave le pianiste a monté d'une octave;

∎ British School to go up a class monter d'une classe

➲ go up to inseparable transitive verb

(a) (approach)

∎ to go up to sb/sth se diriger vers qn/qch;

∎ the path goes up to the front door le chemin mène à la porte d'entrée

(b) (go as far as)

∎ the book only goes up to the end of the war le livre ne va que jusqu'à la fin de la guerre;

∎ I will go up to £100 je veux bien aller jusqu'à 100 livres

➲ go with inseparable transitive verb

(a) (accompany, escort) accompagner, aller avec;

∎ figurative to go with the crowd suivre la foule ou le mouvement;

∎ you have to go with the times il faut vivre avec son temps

(b) (be compatible → colours, flavours) aller avec;

∎ that hat doesn't go with your suit ce chapeau ne va pas avec ton ensemble;

∎ a white Burgundy goes well with snails le bourgogne blanc se marie bien ou va bien avec les escargots

(c) (be part of) aller avec;

∎ the flat goes with the job l'appartement va avec le poste;

∎ the sense of satisfaction that goes with having done a good job le sentiment de satisfaction qu'apporte le travail bien fait;

∎ mathematical ability usually goes with skill at chess des capacités en mathématiques vont souvent de pair avec un don pour les échecs

(d) familiar (spend time with) sortir avec^□ ;

∎ euphemism he's been going with other women (having sex) il a été avec d'autres femmes

➲ go without

1 inseparable transitive verb

se passer de, se priver de;

∎ he went without sleep or without sleeping for two days il n'a pas dormi pendant deux jours

2 intransitive verb

s'en passer;

∎ we'll just have to go without il faudra s'en passer, c'est tout

ⓘ Do not pass go, (do not collect £200/$200) Au Monopoly les joueurs tirent parfois une carte qui les envoie sur la case "prison". Sur cette carte sont inscrits les mots do not pass go, do not collect £200 (ou bien do not collect $200 s'il s'agit de la version américaine). Cette phrase, dont la version française est "ne passez pas par la case départ, ne recevez pas 20 000 francs", est utilisée de façon allusive et sur le mode humoristique dans différents contextes: on dira par exemple you do that again and you're going straight to jail, Bill. Do not pass go, do not collect $200 ("refais ça, Bill, et je t'assure que tu iras droit en prison). On peut également utiliser cette expression lorsque quelqu'un essaie de mener un projet à bien mais rencontre des obstacles: the country is trying hard to get back on its feet but because of the civil war it has not even been allowed to pass go, let alone collect £200 ("le pays fait de son mieux pour se rétablir mais la guerre civile n'arrange rien, bien au contraire").

ⓘ Go ahead, make my day C'est la formule prononcée par l'inspecteur Harry Callahan (incarné par Clint Eastwood) dans le film Sudden Impact (1983) lorsqu'il se trouve confronté à un gangster. Il s'agit d'une façon d'encourager le bandit à se servir de son arme afin de pouvoir l'abattre en état de légitime défense: "allez, vas-y, fais-moi plaisir". On utilise cette formule par allusion au film et en réaction à une personne qui vient de proférer des menaces. Ainsi, le président Reagan s'en servit en s'adressant à des travailleurs qui menaçaient de se mettre en grève.

Un panorama unique de l'anglais et du français > go
9 assembly equipped with devices limiting internal arc effects
1. НКУ с устройствами ограничения воздействия внутренней дуги
НКУ с устройствами ограничения воздействия внутренней дуги
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[Интент]

Параллельные тексты EN-RU

Assemblies equipped with devices limiting internal arc effects (active protection)

A design philosophy which is completely different from that just considered consists in guaranteeing the resistance to internal arcing by installing devices limiting the arc.

The approaches in that direction can be of two different types:
• limiting the destructive effects of the arc, once it has occured, by means of arc detectors
• limiting the destructive effects of the arc, once it has occured, by means of overpressure detectors.

The first possibility consists in installing in the assembly arc detectors which sense the light flux associated with the electric arc phenomenon.

Once the arc has been detected, these devices send an opening signal to the incoming circuit-breaker, thus guaranteeing tripping times of the order of 1-2 ms, therefore shorter than those proper of the circuit-breaker.

The operating logic of an arc detector is the following: the occurrence of an arc inside the switchboard is detected by the arc detector because an intense light radiation is associated with this phenomenon.

The arcing control system detects the event and sends a tripping signal to the circuit-breaker.

All the above with trip times of a few milliseconds and supplanting the tripping of the CB overcurrent relay which, for example, could be delayed due to current selectivity questions.

Figure 1 shows the possible positions where this device can be installed inside a switchboard.

The ideal solution is that which provides the installation of at least one detector for each column, with the consequent reduction to a minimum of the length of the optical fibers carrying the signal.

In order to prevent from an unwanted tripping caused by light sources indepent of the arc (lamps, solar radiation etc.), an additional current sensor is often positioned at the incoming of the main circuit-breaker.

Only in the event of an arc, both the incoming sensor which detects an “anomalous” current due to the arc fault as well as the sensor detecting the light radiation as sociated with the arc enable the system to intervene and allow the consequent opening of the circuit-breaker.

The second possibility consists in installing overpressure sensors inside the switchboard.

As previously described, the overpressure wave is one of the other effects occurring inside an assembly in case of arcing.

As a consequence it is possible to install some pressure sensors which are able to signal the pressure peak associated with the arc ignition with a delay of about 10-15 ms.

The signal operates on the supply circuit-breaker without waiting for the trip times of the selectivity protections to elapse, which are necessarily longer.

Such a system does not need any electronic processing device, since it acts directly on the tripping coil of the supply circuit-breaker.

Obviously it is essential that the device is set at fixed trip thresholds.

When an established internal overpressure is reached, the arc detector intervenes.

However, it is not easy to define in advance the value of overpressure generated by an arc fault inside a switchboard.

[ABB]

НКУ с устройствами ограничения воздействия внутренней дуги (активная защита)

Для решения этой задачи используются совершенно другие, отличающиеся от ранее рассмотренных, принципы, заключающиеся в том, что противодействие внутренней дуге обеспечивается применением устройств, ограничивающих саму дугу.

Существует два типа решения проблемы в этом направлении:
• ограничение разрушающего воздействия дуги после того, как ее обнаружат специальные устройства
• ограничение разрушающего воздействия дуги после того, как специальные устройства обнаружат возникновение избыточного давления.

В первом случае в НКУ устанавливают устройства обнаружения дуги, реагирующие на световой поток, сопровождающий явление электрической дуги.

При обнаружении дуги данные устройства посылают сигнал управления на размыкание вводного автоматического выключателя. Гарантируемое время реакции составляет 1-2 мс, что меньше времени срабатывания автоматического выключателя.

Логика работы устройства обнаружения дуги следующая: Дуга, возникшая внутри НКУ, обнаруживается датчиком, реагирующим на интенсивное световое излучение, которым сопровождается горение дуги.

Обнаружив дугу, система управления посылает сигнал автоматическому выключателю.

Время срабатывания датчика и системы управления составляет несколько миллисекунд, что меньше времени срабатывания автоматического выключателя, осуществляющего защиту от сверхтока, который обычно для обеспечения требуемой селективности срабатывает с задержкой.

На рис. 1 показаны места возможной установки устройства защиты внутри НКУ.

Идеальным решением является установка, по крайней мере, одного устройства защиты в каждый шкаф многошкафного НКУ.

Это позволит до минимума сократить длину оптоволоконных кабелей передачи сигнала.

Для предотвращения ложного срабатывания от других источников света (т. е. не от дуги), например, таких как лампы, солнечное излучение и т. п., дополнительно в главной цепи вводного автоматического выключателя устанавливают датчик тока.

Только при наличии двух событий, а именно: срабатывания датчика света и обнаружения аномального увеличения тока, система управления считает, что возникла электрическая дуга и подает команду на отключение вводного автоматического выключателя.

Второе решение заключается в установке внутри НКУ датчика избыточного давления.

Как было описано ранее, одним из характерных проявлений электрической дуги, возникшей внутри НКУ, является ударная волна.

Это означает, что можно установить несколько датчиков давления, задачей которых является обнаружение импульса давления (с задержкой 10…15 мс), обусловленного зажиганием дуги.

Сигнал от датчиков давления поступает на вводной автоматический выключатель, который срабатывает без задержки на обеспечение селективности.

Такая система не нуждается в электронном устройстве обработки информации, поскольку воздействует непосредственно на независимый расцепитель автоматического выключателя.

Вполне понятно, что такое устройство имеет фиксированный порог срабатывания.

Датчик-реле дуги сработает, как только будет достигнуто заданное значение избыточного давления.

Следует иметь в виду, что не так легко заранее определить значение избыточного давления, которое будет создано при зажигании дуги внутри НКУ.

[Перевод Интент]

Тематики
- НКУ (шкафы, пульты,...)
EN
- assembly equipped with devices limiting internal arc effects
Англо-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > assembly equipped with devices limiting internal arc effects
10 form

1. noun
1) (type, style) Form, die

form of address — [Form der] Anrede

in human form — in menschlicher Gestalt; in Menschengestalt

in the form of — in Form von od. + Gen.

in book form — in Buchform; als Buch

2) no pl. (shape, visible aspect) Form, die; Gestalt, die

take form — Gestalt annehmen od. gewinnen

3) (printed sheet) Formular, das

4) (Brit. Sch.) Klasse, die

5) (bench) Bank, die

6) no pl., no indef. art. (Sport): (physical condition) Form, die

peak form — Bestform, die

out of form — außer Form; nicht in Form

in [good] form — (lit. or fig.) [gut] in Form

she was in great form at the party — (fig.) bei der Party war sie groß in Form

on/off form — (lit. or fig.) in/nicht in Form

7) (Sport): (previous record) bisherige Leistungen

on/judging by [past/present] form — (fig.) nach der Papierform

true to form — (fig.) wie üblich od. zu erwarten

8) (etiquette)

for the sake of form — der Form halber

good/bad form — gutes/schlechtes Benehmen

9) (figure) Gestalt, die

10) (Ling.) Form, die
2. transitive verb
1) (make; also Ling.) bilden

be formed from something — aus etwas entstehen

2) (shape, mould) formen, gestalten ( into zu); (fig.) formen [Charakter usw.]

3) sich (Dat.) bilden [Meinung, Urteil]; gewinnen [Eindruck]; fassen [Entschluss, Plan]; kommen zu [Schluss]; (acquire, develop) entwickeln [Vorliebe, Gewohnheit, Wunsch]; schließen [Freundschaft]

4) (constitute, compose, be, become) bilden

Schleswig once formed [a] part of Denmark — Schleswig war einmal ein Teil von Dänemark

5) (establish, set up) bilden [Regierung]; gründen [Bund, Verein, Firma, Partei, Gruppe]
3. intransitive verb
(come into being) sich bilden; [Idee:] sich formen, Gestalt annehmen

* * *
I 1. [fo:m] noun
1) ((a) shape; outward appearance: He saw a strange form in the darkness.) die Form, die Gestalt

2) (a kind, type or variety: What form of ceremony usually takes place when someone gets a promotion?) die Art

3) (a document containing certain questions, the answers to which must be written on it: an application form.) das Formular

4) (a fixed way of doing things: forms and ceremonies.) die Formalität

5) (a school class: He is in the sixth form.) die Klasse
2. verb
1) (to make; to cause to take shape: They decided to form a drama group.) bilden, gründen

2) (to come into existence; to take shape: An idea slowly formed in his mind.) Gestalt annehmen

3) (to organize or arrange (oneself or other people) into a particular order: The women formed (themselves) into three groups.) formieren

4) (to be; to make up: These lectures form part of the medical course.) bilden

•

- academic.ru/28940/formation">formation
- be in good form
- in the form of II [fo:m] noun
(a long, usually wooden seat: The children were sitting on forms.) die Bank

* * *

form

[fɔ:m, AM fɔ:rm]

I. n

1. (type, variety) Form f, Art f; of a disease Erscheinungsbild nt; of energy Typ m

the dictionary is also available in electronic \form es ist auch eine elektronische Version des Wörterbuchs erhältlich

flu can take several different \forms eine Grippe kann sich in verschiedenen Formen äußern

art \form Kunstform f

\form of exercise Sportart f

\form of government Regierungsform f

\form of a language Sprachvariante f

life \form Lebensform f

\form of transport Transportart f

\forms of worship Formen fpl der Gottesverehrung

2. no pl (particular way) Form f, Gestalt f

support in the \form of money Unterstützung in Form von Geld

help in the \form of two police officers Hilfe in Gestalt von zwei Polizeibeamten

the training programme takes the \form of a series of workshops die Schulung wird in Form einer Serie von Workshops abgehalten

in any [shape or] \form in jeglicher Form

he's opposed to censorship in any shape or \form er ist gegen jegliche Art von Zensur

in some \form or other auf die eine oder andere Art

3. (document) Formular nt

application \form Bewerbungsbogen m

booking \form BRIT

reservation \form AM Buchungsformular nt

entry \form Anmeldeformular m

order \form Bestellschein m

printed \form Vordruck m

to complete [or esp BRIT fill in] [or esp AM fill out] a \form ein Formular ausfüllen

4. (shape) Form f; of a person Gestalt f

her slender \form ihre schlanke Gestalt

the lawn was laid out in the \form of a figure eight der Rasen war in Form einer Acht angelegt

they made out a shadowy \form in front of them vor ihnen konnten sie den Umriss einer Gestalt ausmachen

the human \form die menschliche Gestalt

to take \form Form [o Gestalt] annehmen

5. no pl ART, LIT, MUS (arrangement of parts) Form f

\form and content Form und Inhalt

shape and \form Form und Gestalt

6. no pl (physical condition) Form f, Kondition f

I really need to get back in \form ich muss wirklich mal wieder etwas für meine Kondition tun

to be in excellent [or superb] \form in Topform sein

to be in good \form [gut] in Form sein

to be out of \form nicht in Form sein

7. no pl (performance) Leistung f

the whole team was on good \form die ganze Mannschaft zeigte vollen Einsatz

she was in great \form at her wedding party bei ihrer Hochzeitsfeier war sie ganz in ihrem Element

8. SPORT (in horse racing) Form f fachspr

Sunset's recent \forms are excellent die letzten Formen von Sunset sind hervorragend

to study the \form die Form prüfen

9. no pl esp BRIT (procedure) Form f; BRIT

what's the \form? was ist üblich [o das übliche Verfahren]?

conventional social \forms konventionelle Formen gesellschaftlichen Umgangs

a matter of \form eine Formsache

partners of employees are invited as a matter of \form die Partner der Angestellten werden der Form halber eingeladen

for \form['s sake] aus Formgründen

to be good/bad \form BRIT ( dated) sich gehören/nicht gehören

in due [or proper] \form formgerecht

to run true to \form wie zu erwarten [ver]laufen

true to \form he arrived an hour late wie immer kam er eine Stunde zu spät

10. esp BRIT SCH (class) Klasse f; (secondary year group) Jahrgangsstufe f

11. LING Form f

what's the infinitive \form of the verb? wie lautet der Infinitiv von dem Verb?

12. no pl BRIT (sl: criminal record) Vorstrafenregister nt

to have \form vorbestraft sein

13. esp AM TYPO (forme)

[printing] \form [Satz]form f

14. TECH (shuttering) Verschalung f fachspr

15. BRIT HUNT (hare's lair) Sasse f fachspr

16. BOT Form f, Forma f fachspr

17. (formula) Formel f

18. PHILOS Form f

matter and \form Stoff und Form

19.

▶ attack is the best \form of defence ( saying) Angriff ist die beste Verteidigung prov

II. vt

1. (shape)

▪ to \form sth etw formen

\form the dough into balls den Teig zu Bällchen formen

these islands were \formed as a result of a series of volcanic eruptions diese Inseln entstanden durch eine Reihe von Vulkanausbrüchen

2. (arrange)

▪ to \form sth etw bilden

they \formed themselves into three lines sie stellten sich in drei Reihen auf

to \form a circle/queue einen Kreis/eine Schlange bilden

to \form groups Gruppen bilden

3. (set up)

▪ to \form sth etw gründen

the company was \formed in 1892 die Firma wurde 1892 gegründet

they \formed themselves into a pressure group sie gründeten eine Pressuregroup

to \form an alliance with sb sich akk mit jdm verbünden

to \form a band eine Band gründen

to \form committee/government ein Komitee/eine Regierung bilden

to \form friendships Freundschaften schließen

to \form an opinion about sth sich dat eine Meinung über etw akk bilden

a newly-\formed political party eine neu gegründete politische Partei

to \form a relationship eine Verbindung eingehen

4. (constitute)

▪ to \form sth etw bilden [o darstellen]

the trees \form a natural protection from the sun's rays die Bäume stellen einen natürlichen Schutz gegen die Sonnenstrahlen dar

to \form the basis of sth die Grundlage einer S. gen bilden

to \form the core [or nucleus] of sth den Kern einer S. gen bilden

to \form part of sth Teil einer S. gen sein

5. LING

to \form a sentence/the past tense/a new word einen Satz/die Vergangenheit[szeit]/ein neues Wort bilden

6. ( form: influence)

▪ to \form sth/sb etw/jdn formen

the media play an important role in \forming public opinion die Medien spielen eine große Rolle bei der öffentlichen Meinungsbildung

to \form sb's character jds Charakter formen

III. vi sich akk bilden; idea, plan Gestalt annehmen

▪ to \form into sth sich akk zu etw akk formen

his strong features \formed into a smile of pleasure ein vergnügtes Lächeln legte sich auf seine markanten Züge

* * *
[fɔːm]
1. n

1) Form f

form of government — Regierungsform f

form of life — Lebensform

the various forms of energy — die verschiedenen Energieformen

form of address — Anrede f

to choose another form of words — es anders formulieren

forms of worship — Formen pl der Gottesverehrung

a form of apology —

a form of punishment — eine Form or Art der Bestrafung

2) (= condition, style, guise) Form f, Gestalt f

in the form of — in Form von or +gen; (with reference to people) in Gestalt von or +gen

medicine in tablet form — Arznei in Tablettenform

water in the form of ice —

the same thing in a new form — das Gleiche in neuer Form or Gestalt

the first prize will take the form of a trip to Rome — der erste Preis ist eine Reise nach Rom

their discontent took various forms — ihre Unzufriedenheit äußerte sich in verschiedenen Formen

her letters are to be published in book form — ihre Briefe sollen in Buchform or als Buch erscheinen

3) (= shape) Form f; (of person) Gestalt f

to take form (lit, fig) — Form or Gestalt annehmen

4) (ART, MUS, LITER: structure) Form f

form and content — Form und Inhalt

5) (PHILOS) Form f

the world of forms — die Ideenwelt

6) (GRAM) Form f

the plural form — die Pluralform, der Plural

7) no pl (= etiquette) (Umgangs)form f

he did it for form's sake — er tat es der Form halber

it's bad form — so etwas tut man einfach nicht

what's the form? (inf) — was ist üblich?

8) (= document) Formular nt, Vordruck m

printed form — vorgedrucktes Formular

9) (= physical condition) Form f, Verfassung f

to be in fine or good form — gut in Form sein, in guter Form or Verfassung sein

to be on/off form — in/nicht in or außer Form sein

to be on top form — in Höchstform sein

he was in great form that evening —

to study (the) form (Horse-racing) — die Form prüfen

past form — Papierform f

on past form — auf dem Papier

10) (esp Brit: bench) Bank f

11) (Brit SCH) Klasse f

12) no pl (Brit inf

= criminal record) to have form — vorbestraft sein

13) (TECH: mould) Form f

14)

See:

= forme

15) (of hare) Nest nt, Sasse f (spec)

2. vt

1) (= shape) formen, gestalten (into zu); (GRAM) plural, negative bilden

he forms his sentences well — er bildet wohlgeformte Sätze

2) (= train, mould) child, sb's character formen

3) (= develop) liking, desire, idea, habit entwickeln; friendship schließen, anknüpfen; opinion sich (dat) bilden; impression gewinnen; plan ausdenken, entwerfen

4) (= set up, organize) government, committee bilden; company, society, political party gründen, ins Leben rufen

5) (= constitute, make up) part, basis bilden

the committee is formed of... — der Ausschuss wird von... gebildet

6) (= take the shape or order of) circle, pattern bilden

or line (US) — eine Schlange bilden

3. vi

1) (= take shape) Gestalt annehmen

an idea formed in my mind — eine Idee nahm Gestalt an

2) (ESP MIL) sich aufstellen or formieren, antreten

/into two lines —

to form into a square to form into battle order — sich im Karree aufstellen sich zur Schlachtordnung formieren

* * *

form [fɔː(r)m]

A s

1. Form f, Gestalt f:

take form Form oder Gestalt annehmen (a. fig);

in the form of in Form von (od gen);

in tablet form in Tablettenform

2. TECH Form f:

a) Fasson f

b) Schablone f

3. Form f:

a) Art f:

form of government Regierungsform;

forms of life Lebensformen; → address B 1

b) Art f und Weise f, Verfahrensweise f

c) System n, Schema n: → due A 10

4. Formular n, Vordruck m:

form letter Schemabrief m

5. (literarische etc) Form

6. Form f ( auch LING), Fassung f (eines Textes etc):

form class LING

a) Wortart f,

b) morphologische Klasse

7. PHIL Form f:

a) Wesen n, Natur f

b) Gestalt f

c) Platonismus: Idee f

8. Erscheinungsform f, -weise f

9. Sitte f, Brauch m

10. (herkömmliche) gesellschaftliche Form, Manieren pl, Benehmen n:

good (bad) form guter (schlechter) Ton;

it is good (bad) form es gehört sich (nicht);

for form’s sake der Form halber

11. Formalität f: → matter A 3

12. Zeremonie f

13. MATH, TECH Formel f:

form of oath JUR Eidesformel

14. (körperliche oder geistige) Verfassung, Form f:

on form der Form nach;

on (bes US in) (in bad, out of, off) form (nicht) in Form;

feel in good form sich gut in Form fühlen;

at the top of one’s form, in great form in Hochform;

be in very poor form in einem Formtief stecken

15. a) ( besonders lange) Bank (ohne Rückenlehne)

b) Br obs (Schul) Bank f

16. besonders Br (Schul) Klasse f:

form master (mistress) Klassenlehrer(in)

17. Br meist forme TYPO (Druck)Form f

18. Br sl Vorstrafen(liste) pl(f):

he’s got form er ist vorbestraft

B v/i

1. formen, gestalten ( beide:

into zu;

after, on, upon nach):

form a government eine Regierung bilden;

form a company eine Gesellschaft gründen;

they formed themselves into groups sie schlossen sich zu Gruppen zusammen;

they formed themselves into two groups sie bildeten zwei Gruppen

2. den Charakter etc formen, bilden

3. a) einen Teil etc bilden, ausmachen, darstellen

b) dienen als

4. (an)ordnen, zusammenstellen

5. MIL (into) formieren (in akk), aufstellen (in dat)

6. einen Plan etc fassen, entwerfen, ersinnen

7. sich eine Meinung bilden: → idea 1

8. Freundschaft etc schließen

9. eine Gewohnheit annehmen

10. LING Wörter bilden

11. TECH (ver)formen, fassonieren, formieren

C v/i

1. Form oder Gestalt annehmen, sich formen, sich gestalten, sich bilden, entstehen (alle auch fig)

2. auch form up MIL antreten, sich formieren ( into in akk)

* * *
1. noun
1) (type, style) Form, die

form of address — [Form der] Anrede

in human form — in menschlicher Gestalt; in Menschengestalt

in the form of — in Form von od. + Gen.

in book form — in Buchform; als Buch

2) no pl. (shape, visible aspect) Form, die; Gestalt, die

take form — Gestalt annehmen od. gewinnen

3) (printed sheet) Formular, das

4) (Brit. Sch.) Klasse, die

5) (bench) Bank, die

6) no pl., no indef. art. (Sport): (physical condition) Form, die

peak form — Bestform, die

out of form — außer Form; nicht in Form

in [good] form — (lit. or fig.) [gut] in Form

she was in great form at the party — (fig.) bei der Party war sie groß in Form

on/off form — (lit. or fig.) in/nicht in Form

7) (Sport): (previous record) bisherige Leistungen

on/judging by [past/present] form — (fig.) nach der Papierform

true to form — (fig.) wie üblich od. zu erwarten

8) (etiquette)

for the sake of form — der Form halber

good/bad form — gutes/schlechtes Benehmen

9) (figure) Gestalt, die

10) (Ling.) Form, die
2. transitive verb
1) (make; also Ling.) bilden

be formed from something — aus etwas entstehen

2) (shape, mould) formen, gestalten ( into zu); (fig.) formen [Charakter usw.]

3) sich (Dat.) bilden [Meinung, Urteil]; gewinnen [Eindruck]; fassen [Entschluss, Plan]; kommen zu [Schluss]; (acquire, develop) entwickeln [Vorliebe, Gewohnheit, Wunsch]; schließen [Freundschaft]

4) (constitute, compose, be, become) bilden

Schleswig once formed [a] part of Denmark — Schleswig war einmal ein Teil von Dänemark

5) (establish, set up) bilden [Regierung]; gründen [Bund, Verein, Firma, Partei, Gruppe]
3. intransitive verb
(come into being) sich bilden; [Idee:] sich formen, Gestalt annehmen

* * *

(class) (school) n.

Schulklasse f. n.

Form -en f.

Formblatt n.

Formular -e n.

Gattung -en f.

Gestalt -en f.

Schalung -en f. (seating) n.

Schulbank m. v.

bilden v.

formen v.

gestalten v.

English-german dictionary > form
11 make

1. I
abs

the ebb was making начинался отлив; the tide making we weighed anchor во время прилива мы бросили якорь
2. II
1) make in some manner this toy makes easily эту игрушку легко сделать: hay ought to make well [in this drying breeze] [на таком сухом ветерке] сено должно хорошо просушиться /сохнуть/

2) make somewhere make upstream (downstream) идти /плыть/ вверх (вниз) по течению

3) make in some manner the tide is making fast вода быстро прибывает; winter is making earnestly наступает настоящая зима

4) make in some manner make well (poorly, etc.) хорошо и т. д. зарабатывать; he always makes pretty handsomely он всегда недурно зарабатывает
3. III
1) make smth. make machines (tools, paper, chairs, hats, etc.) делать /производить/ машины и т. д., make bricks делать /обжигать/ кирпичи; make a boat (a bridge, a house, a road, etc.) (подстроить лодку и т. д.: make a dress (a coat, a blouse, etc.) делать /шить/ платье и т. д.; make a film снимать фильм: make lunch (jelly, a good supper, etc.) делать /готовить/ завтрак и т. д., make coffee варить кофе; make tea заварить чай; make bread (ис-)печь хлеб; make a garden (a park, flower-beds, etc.) разбивать сад и т. д.; make hay косить траву: make a path делать /прокладывать/ дорожку: where will they make a camp? где они раскинут /разобьют/ лагерь?; make beds стелить /заправлять/ постели; make a fire разжигать камин или раскладывать костер; make nests вить гнезда; beavers make their holes бобры роют норы

2) make smth. make one's reputation (one's name) создать себе репутацию (имя); make smb.'s character формировать чей-л. характер; make one's own life строить свой собственную жизнь, самостоятельно строить свой жизнь; make haste торопиться; make progress делать успехи; make preparations делать приготовления; make plans разрабатывать / вынашивать/ планы; he is making plans to go away он собирается /намеревается/ уехать; who made this ridiculous rule? кто придумал это глупое правило?; make war вести войну, воевать; are they willing to make peace? a) они согласны заключить мир?; б) они готовы примириться? || make a stand занимать принципиальную позицию: make love а) ухаживать; говорить ласковые слова; б) ласкать, заниматься любовью

3) make smb., smth. one big deal made the young man молодой человек добился успеха благодаря лишь всего одной крупной сделке; hard work made him он добился успеха упорным трудом; wars made and unmade this country эта страна возвеличилась благодаря войнам, и они же привели ее к гибели; industry has made Manchester Манчестер превратился в важный центр благодаря развитию промышленности

4) make smth. make trouble (a fuss, a mess, etc.) создавать неприятности и т. д.; he made a terrible to-do он устроил ужасный скандал; don't make noise не делай шума, не шуми; make a change (a disturbance, a panic, etc.) вызывать изменение и т. д., make mischief а) наносить вред; б) шалить, безобразничать; this makes a great difference это совсем другое дело; it makes no difference это ничего не меняет. это все равно; make a great hit coll. иметь огромный успех

5) make smth. make eighty miles (five kilometres, etc.) сделать / пройти/ восемьдесят миль и т. д.; make twenty knots идти со скоростью двадцать узлов; make good time а) идти /двигаться/ с хорошей скоростью; б) sport. показать хорошее время

6) make smth. соll. make port (harbour, home, land, one's destination, etc.) добираться до /достигать/ порта и т. д., he's tired out, he'll never make the summit он уже выдохся, ему ни за что не добраться до вершины; make the tram (the bus, the next flight, etc.) успевать на /поймать/ трамвай и т. д.; I had hoped to get to the meeting but I found at the last minute that I couldn't make it я надеялся попасть на собрание, но в последнюю минуту понял, что не успею

7) make smth. make good grades получать хорошие отметки, хорошо учиться; make the highest score получить больше всего очков; who made the score? кто выиграл /победил/?; I doubt whether he will make much сомневаюсь, чтобы он мог многого добиться, вряд ли он мог многого добиться, вряд ли он многого добьется; those plants will not make much, the soil is too poor эти растения не пойдут /не будут хорошо расти/, здесь плохая почва; do you think a table this wide can make the doorway? вы думаете такой ширины стол пройдет в дверь?; make the team (the best-seller list, the first ten, etc.) попасть в команду и т. д.; this news made the front page это известие поместили на первой полосе [газеты] || make it добиться успеха; make one's point доказать свою течку зрения; has he made his point? понятно, что он хотел сказать?

8) make smth. make a good salary (three pounds a week, a profit, etc.) получать хорошее жалованье и т. д.; make a living зарабатывать на жизнь; make money а) зарабатывать деньги; б) разбогатеть; make a fortune приобрести состояние; make a loss потерпеть /понести/ убыток; make smb. make friends приобрести /завеете/ друзей; make enemies нажить врагов

9) make smth. one hundred pence make a pound сто пенсов составляют фунт; twelve inches make one foot в одном футе двенадцать дюймов; that makes 40 cents you owe me итак, ты мне должен сорок центов; this made his tenth novel это был уже его десятый роман; how many people make a quorum? сколько человек требуется /необходимо/ для кворума?; how many players make а, football team? сколько человек в футбольной команде?; will you make one of the party? не составите ли вы нам компанию?, не присоединитесь ли вы к нам?; "mouse" makes "mice" in the plural множественное число от "mouse" - "mice"

10) make smth. make a will (a deal of transfer, a promissory note, a bill of exchange, etc.) составлять завещание и т. д.; make a list составлять список; make a report написать отчет, подготовить доклад; make a contract (a bargain, an agreement, etc.) заключать /подписывать/ контракт и т. д.

11) semiaux make smth. make a stop остановиться, сделать остановку; make a landing сделать посадку; make a pause сделать паузу; make a move а) стронуться с места, двинуться; it's ten o'clock, it's time we made a move уже десять часов, нам пора двигаться / отправляться/; don't make a move! ни с места!, не двигаться!; б) сделать ход; make a start начать; make a good start положить хорошее начало; make an early start рано отправиться в путь; make a jump прыгнуть; make a sign сделать /подать/ знак; make a bow поклониться; make a curtsey сделать книксен; make a call а) нанести короткий визит; I have to make a few calls мне надо забежать в несколько мест: б) позвонить по телефону; let me make a call first разрешите мне сначала позвонить по телефону; make a trip совершать /предпринимать/ поездку; make a speech произнести речь, выступить с речью; make an offer /а proposition/ внести предложение, предложить; make a proposal сделать предложение, предложить выйти замуж; make an answer /а reply/ дать ответ, ответить; make a denial отклонять; опровергать, помещать опровержение; make a joke отпустить шутку; make a complaint (по)жаловаться; make a vow дать клятву, поклясться; make a choice выбирать, делать выбор; make a mistake сделать /допустить/ ошибку, ошибиться; make inquiries наводить справки; make a sacrifice приносить жертву, жертвовать; make room /place/ подвинуться, освободить место; make way освободить дорогу /путь/, отойти в сторону; make a face скорчить рожу, гримасничать

12) aux make smb. make a lawyer (a good teacher, a bad farmer, a waiter, an excellent husband, etc.) быть хорошим юристом и т. д., he makes a good carpenter он хороший плотник: he made a very poor musician из него получился очень плохой музыкант; one good verse doesn't make a poet одно хорошее стихотворение еще не дает права называться поэтом; he and his cousin would make a handsome couple он и его кузина составляют прекрасную пару; make smth. cold tea makes an excellent drink холодный чай make прекрасный напиток; dry wood makes a good fire сухое дерево хорошо горит; that makes a good answer! вот хороший ответ!; this makes no sense в этом нет никакого смысла; это бессмысленно; these plays (their letters to each other, etc.) make pleasant reading эти пьесы и т. д. приятно читать; his adventures make all exciting story рассказ о его приключениях слушаешь с волнением
4. IV
1) make smth. in some manner make smth. quickly (eventually, inevitably, unhesitatingly, etc.) делать что-л. быстро и т. д.; make smth. lawfully (scientifically. delicately, persistently, etc.) делать /осуществлять/ что-л. на законных основаниях и т. д.

2) make some distance in some time make 200 miles an hour (ten miles a day, etc.) делать двести миль в час и т. д.; we made only three miles that day в тот день мы прошли /проделали/ только три мили; some airplanes can make over 500 miles an hour скорость некоторых самолетов превышает пятьсот миль в час

3) make smth. at some time he will never make much он никогда не добьется успеха

4) make sonic money in some time make L 2000 a year зарабатывать /получать/ две тысячи фунтов в год; how much money do you make a week (a month, a year, etc.)? сколько [денег] вы получаете /зарабатываете/ в неделю и т. д.?
5. V
1) make smb. smth. make him a new toy (her a dress, the children a swing in the garden, etc.) сделать ему /для него/ новую игрушку и т. д., make her a cup of tea приготовь /подай/ ей чашку чаю

2) make smth. smth. make it a rule взять [что-л.] за правило; he made it a rule to get up early он взял себе за правило рано вставать; make it one's business считать это своим делом; don't make cheating a practice не привыкай обманывать; he made a certificate his object он поставил себе целью получить диплом

3) make smb. smb. make smb. one's heir (him king, a page knight, him a teacher, etc.) сделать кого-л. своим наследником и т. д., make a priest a bishop возвести священника в сан епископа; make smb. a judge (one's spokesman, one's special envoy, etc.) назначать кого-л. судьей и т. д., they made him chairman его выбрали председателем; make a colonel general присвоить /дать/ полковнику звание генерала; произвести полковника в генералы; make smb. a duke (a peer, etc.) дать /пожаловать/ кому-л. титул герцога и т. д., he intended to make his son a barrister (a soldier, a carpenter, etc.) он хотел, чтобы его сын стал адвокатом и т. д.; he made her his wife он сделал ее своей женой, он женился на ней; make smb. prisoner взять кого-л. в плен; make oneself a martyr сделать из себя мученика, пойти на муки; make this character an important person (Hamlet a figure of tragic indecision, Shylock a tragic figure, her a figure of fun, etc.) делать из этого персонажа значительную личность и т. д.

4) make smth. smth. add one more egg and make it a round dozen прибавь еще одно яйцо, и будет /получится/ дюжина

5) make it smth. shall we make it Tuesday? договоримся на вторник?; can you come at six? - make it half past вы можете прийти в шесть? - Лучше условимся на половину седьмого; I shall make it tomorrow я договорись на завтра

6) make smth. smth. make the distance about 70 miles полагать /считать/, что расстояние равно примерно семидесяти милям; I make the total about L 50 по-моему, общая сумма составит фунтов пятьдесят; how large do you make the crowd? как вы думаете, сколько в этой толпе человек?; what do you make the time? сколько, по-вашему, сейчас времени?; what time do you make it? - I make it half past four сколько сейчас времени, по-вашему? - Мне кажется, что сейчас примерно половина пятого

7) semiaux make smb. smth. make smb. an offer (one or two attractive proposals, a bid for the antique table, etc.) сделать кому-л. какое-л. предложение и т. д.; I made her a present of the vase я подарил ей эту вазу; he made me a sign он сделал /подал/ мне знак; she made him a face она скорчила ему рожу

8) 0 make smb. smb. she will make him a good wife (a good mother, a loyal friend, etc.) она будет ему хорошей женой и т. д.; make smb. smth. this cloth will make me a good suit из этого отреза мне выйдет хороший костюм
6. VI
1) make smb., smth. be of some nudity his upbringing made him selfish воспитание сделало его эгоистом; her eyes made her beautiful глаза делали ее прекрасной; he was trying to make himself agreeable он старался быть приятным; we shall try to make your stay here agreeable мы постараемся [сделать так], чтобы ваш визит сюда доставил вам удовольствие; make oneself responsible взять на себя ответственность; make children immune against this disease создать /выработать/ у детей иммунитет против /к/ этой болезни; this portrait makes him too old на портрете он выглядит гораздо старше [, чем он есть на самом деле]; this opera made him immortal эта опера принесла ему бессмертие; make his novels (the song, this new theory, the actress, etc.) popular (famous) сделать его романы и т. д. популярными, создать /принести/ популярность (славу) его романам и т. д.; don't stand about doing nothing - make yourself useful не стойте без дела, помогите [нам]; you've made my nose too big вы нарисовали мне слишком большей нос; make smb., smth. be in some state make smb. happy (rich, poor, etc.) сделать кого-л. счастливым и т. д., make the prisoners free освободить заключенных; make oneself comfortable удобно устроиться; they are coming, make yourselves ready они приближаются, будьте готовы; she is seeing it for the first time, we must make her ready такое она увидит впервые, надо ее подготовить; make smb. angry рассердить кого-л.; her answers made him furious ее ответы взбесили его: make smb. sick a) вызывать у кого-л. тошноту; what made you sick? отчего вам стало плохо?; б) coll. раздражать кого-л.: your questions make me sick мне надоели ваши вопросы, меня тошнит от ваших вопросов; hot weather makes some people sleepy в жару некоторых людей клонит ко сну; it will make you ridiculous in their eyes это выставит вас в смешном свете в их глазах; make it flat сплющить что-л. || make it worth smb.'s while компенсировать кому-л. что-л.; if you help me with this job I'll make it worth your while если вы поможете мне в этом [деле], я в долгу не останусь / вы не будете внакладе/: make oneself (one's point) clear ясно излагать свои мысли (аргументы)

2) make smb. be in some state what makes you so late? что вас так задержало?, отчего вы так опоздали?; it made her more careful после этого она стала осторожнее
7. VII
1) make smb., smth. do smth. make smb. stop (go, laugh, cry, sign a statement, repeat a story, fall asleep, etc.) заставить кого-л. остановиться и т. д.: they made me feel ashamed они меня смутили; make smb. understand а) заставить кого-л. понять; б) дать кому-л. понять; don't make me do it не вынуждай меня это делать / к этому/; I can make him believe anything I choose я могу убедить его в чем угодно; it makes me think you are right это убеждает меня в вашей правоте; I can't make anyone hear не могу достучаться или дозваться, дозвониться к кому-л.; make an engine start завести мотор; make the kettle boil вскипятить чайник; make water boil довести воду до кипения; I can't make the fire burn никак не могу разжечь костер или развести огонь; what makes the grass grow so quickly? отчего трава растет так быстро?; the wind made the bells ring колокольчики звенели на ветру: onions make our eyes smart от лука [у нас] щиплет глаза; his account made our hair stand on end от его рассказа у нас волосы встали дыбом || make smth. do обходиться чем-л.: there is not much money but I'll make it do денег немного, но я постараюсь, чтобы их хватило; I shall have to make this coat do for a bit longer придется еще немного походить в старом пальто id make both ends meet сводить концы с концами

2) make smb. do smth. most of the chronicles make the king die in 1026 согласно большинству хроник король умер в тысяча двадцать шестом году; some scholars make Homer come from one city, others from another ученые спорят о месте рождения Гомера
8. IX
make smth., smb. done make the results (the news, his arrival, the invention, etc.) known обнародовать результаты и т. д., сообщить о результатах и т. д., make smth. felt сделать что-л. ощутимым; make oneself known а) назвать себя; б) заставить о себе говорить, заявить о себе, добиться известности; make him known to my father познакомить его с моим отцом, представить его моему отцу; make oneself understood ясно изъясняться; сан you make yourself understood in English? вас понимают, когда вы говорите по-английски?; he couldn't make himself /his voice/ heard above the noise of the traffic он не мог перекричать уличный шум, его не было слышно из-за уличного шума; we must make him respected необходимо вызвать к нему уважение /заставить людей уважать его/
9. XI
1) be made somewhere be made in England (in France, etc.) производиться /выпускаться/ в Англии и т. д. ; made in USSR сделано в СССР; be made in a factory производиться /делаться/ на фабрике; be made of (with, from, into) smth. be made of wood (of silk, of plastic, etc.) быть [сделанным] из дерева и т. д., this cloth is made of cotton эта ткань делается из хлопка; what is this made of? из чего это сделано?; а bow is made of stick and string лук делается из палки и бечевки; cheese is made from milk (cereal is made from grain, rubber is made from sap, etc.) сыр делают из молока и т. д., gas is made from coal газ производят из каменного угля; wool is made into cloth из шерсти делают /ткут/ ткань; grapes are made into raisins из винограда сушат изюм; the skin of the walrus is made into leather из шкуры моржа выделывают кожу; their food is always made with garlic в пищу они всегда добавляют чеснок; I like my coffee made with milk я люблю кофе [приготовленный] с молоком; be made for smb., smth. these houses are made for our workers эти дома построены для наших рабочих; this hat was made for you эту шляпку сделали [специально] для вас; this car is made for speed эти автомашины производятся специально для скоростной езды; be made with /by/ smth. this can be made with a knife это можно сделать ножом; this tool is made by a very intricate process изготовление этого инструмента сопряжено с большими сложностями; this thing is made by hand (by machinery) эту вещь делают вручную (на машине); be made by smb., smth. this was made by my friend это сделал (построил, создал и т. п.) мой друг; these experiments are made by robots эти опыты выполняют роботы; this grotto was not made by nature, it was made by man это не естественный грот, он создан человеком || be made to order (to measure) быть сделанным /сшитым/ на заказ; all his clothes are made to order он шьет все свои вещи [у портного], он делает все свои вещи на заказ id be made of different stuff быть совсем другим человеком, make быть сделанным из другого теста; let them all see what you are made of пусть все видят, что ты за человек /чего ты стоишь/; а first-class job was made of his house его дом прекрасно отремонтировали

2) be made the decision is made решение вынесено; be made at some time unless a move is made very soon, it will be too late если в ближайшее время что-либо не сделают, будет слишком поздно; be made by smb. the first move was made by my brother первый шаг сделал мой брат; be made of smth. effective use was made of this money эти деньги были потрачены с пользой; be made for smth. these rules were made for a special purpose эти правила были составлены с особой целью; be made to do smth. the regulations were made to protect children эти правила созданы /выработаны/ для защиты детей || note should be made следует обратить внимание; а careful note should be made of what he says нужно внимательно отнестись /прислушаться/ к тому, что он говорит

3) be made smb. he was made commander-in-chief (general manager, president of the club, a judge, etc.) его назначили главнокомандующим и т. д., he was made an officer его произвели в офицеры; he was made a knight он был посвящен в рыцари; he was made prisoner его взяли в плен; be made by smb., smth. the recommendation was made by the committee эта рекомендация была предложена комиссией; the writer was made by his first book с первой же книги его признали настоящим писателем; be made for smb. they are made for each other они созданы друг для друга

4) be made to be of some state be made known придать гласность; the results are to be made known on application результаты сообщают, если подано соответствующее заявление; the full story was never made public все подробности этой истории так и не стали достоянием общественности; be made about smth., smb. much fuss has been made about it (about the affair, about her, etc.) вокруг этого и т. д. была поднята большая шумиха; be made to do smth. the pupil was made to write his biography (to speak up, to stay after lessons, etc.) ученика заставили написать свою биографию и т. д.; the crowd was made to disperse толпу разогнали; these two statements cannot be made to agree эти два заявления противоречат друг другу

5) be made on (out of, by, etc.) smth. how much will be made on the business? какой доход будет получен от этого предприятия /даст это предприятие/?; а good deal of capital will be made out of this это принесет солидный капитал: I have по desire for money that has been made by dishonest means я не хочу брать деньги, заработанные нечестным путем

6) be made of smth. nothing could be made of the scribble in his note books (of her note, of his mumbling, etc,) ничего нельзя было понять из каракулей в его тетради и т. д.

7) be made with smb. a treaty has been made with other countries был заключен договор с другими странами
10. XII
have smth. made for smth. I must have a coat made for the winter мне нужно отдать сшить зимнее пальто
11. XIII
1) || make believe делать вид; he made believe to work hard (to throw a ball, not to know anything, etc.) он делал вид, что он усердно работает и т. д., make believe to be a scholar воображать себя ученым

2) semiaux make to do smth. he made to go он хотел было уйти; he made to stop me он попытался было остановить меня; he made to snatch her bag он рванулся вперед, чтобы вы хватить у нее сумку

3) · make do with (without, on) smth. I will have to make do with cold meat for dinner (with a very short holiday, with an old wireless set, etc.) мне придется довольствоваться холодным мясом вместо обеда и т. д.; I shall have to make do without a coat придется мне обойтись без пальто; I don't know how she makes do on so small an income не знаю, как она сводит концы с концами при таком небольшом заработке; I shall make do on biscuits and cheese сыра и галет мне будет достаточно
12. XV
1) || make good coll. добиться успеха; I never believed that he would make good я никогда не верил, что он чего-нибудь добьется; talent and education are necessary to make good in this field чтобы добиться успеха в этой области, необходимы талант и образование

2) || make good smth. оправдывать что-л.; he made good his promise он выполнил /сдержал/ свое обещание; she made good her claims она доказала справедливость или законность своих притязаний: you will have to make good your boast тебе придется доказать, что это не пустое хвастовство; make good its title tic) be ranked as an independent science обосновать /доказать/ свое право считаться самостоятельной наукой; make good the damage (the shortage, the loss, etc.) возмещать убытки и т. д. ; any money that you cannot account for you will have to make good тебе придется возместить /вернуть/ все деньги, за которые ты не сумеешь отчитаться

3) 0 || make sure /certain/ быть уверенным или удостовериться; have you made sure of the facts (of the timetable, of the results, etc.)? вы проверили факты и т. д.?, вы убеждены в правильности фактов и т. д.?; if you want to make sure of a seat you had better book in advance если вы хотите наверняка иметь билет, закажите его заранее / заблаговременно/; first they made sure of him сначала они [проверили его и] убедились в его надежности; I want to make sure of catching her (of getting there in time, of having a good seat, of his answering the letter, etc.) я хочу быть уверенным, что застану ее и т. д.,make sure that the letter was delivered (that the doors are locked, that there is no one here, etc.) убедиться, что письмо доставлено и т. д.; will you please make sure that they are all here? проверьте, пожалуйста, все ли она пришли; I made certain that he would do so я был уверен, что он так и поступит; make bold осмеливаться; make bold to ask a favour (to call on you, to express my opinion, etc.) осмелиться просить об одолжении и т. д.; I make bold to say that he knows nothing about it осмелюсь утверждать, что он ничего об этом не знает; make light of smth. не придавать чему-л. особого значения; she made light of her troubles (of this accident, of a situation, of other people's illness, etc.) она легко относится к своим неприятностям и т. д., она особенно не переживает из-за своих неприятностей и т. д.; make ready подготовиться; make merry веселиться; make merry over his victory радоваться /веселиться/ по случаю его победы; make free with smth. пользоваться чем-л., не стесняясь
13. XVI
1) make after smb. make after the fox (after the rabbit, after the escaped convict, etc.) броситься /пуститься/ преследовать лису и т. д., she made after him like a mad woman она как безумная бросилась за ним; in the morning we made after them утром мы пустились за ними вслед; make at smb. he gave a shout and made at me он издал крик и (на)бросился на меня; the dog made at the postman собака накинулась на почтальона; the angry woman made at me with her umbrella рассерженная женщина (накинулась на меня с зонтиком; make for /toward/ smb., smth. make for the crowd (for the sea, for the nearest town, toward a distant hill, for home, etc.) двигаться по направлению /направляться/ к толпе и т. д., he quickly made for /toward/ the door он бросился к двери; she made for the sound of guns она пошла туда, откуда раздавались выстрелы; the dog made for the robber собака бросилась за грабителем; make for the open sea направиться в открытое море

2) make on smth. coll. make on this business (on shares, on oil, etc.) заработать на этом деле и т. д., he made pretty handsomely on that bargain он неплохо заработал /нажился/ на этой сделке

3) 0 make for smth. make for better understanding between countries ( for the happiness of all, for a friendly atmosphere in the club, for peace, for stability of marriage, etc.) способствовать лучшему взаимопониманию между странами и т. д.; does early rising make for good health? полезно ли для здоровья рано вставать?; that weather makes for optimism в такую погоду и настроение хорошее; new facts made for the prisoner's acquittal новые факты ускорили вынесение /помогли вынесению/ оправдательного приговора заключенному; make against smth. experience makes against this assertion опыт опровергает это утверждение; your behaviour makes against your chance of success ваше поведение не способствует /мешает/ вашему успеху
14. XXI1
1) make smth. out of /from, of, with/ smth. make bottles out of glass (bricks of clay, flour from wheat, a box out of a bit of mahogany, etc.) делать бутылки из стекла и т. д., make wreaths of daisies плести венки из маргариток; make a megaphone of one's hands сложить руки рупором; the cake was spoilt as she made it with a bad egg торт был испорчен, так как она положила в тесто несвежее яйцо; what do you make with flour (with the eggs, with these things, etc.)? что вы делаете из муки и т. д.?; what will you make with all these flowers? что вы будете делать с таким количеством цветов?; what can you make out of this stuff? что ты можешь сделать / сшить/ из этого материала?; make smth. in smth. make a hole in the ground выкопать яму в земле; make a gap in the hedge проделать лаз /дыру/ в изгороди; it made a hole /а dent/ in my savings (in my reserves, in smb.'s finances, etc.) от этого пострадали мои сбережения и т. д., make smth. for smth. make an opening for the wires сделать входное отверстие для проводов; make a hole for a tree выкопать яму под дерево; he made a bookcase for his apartment он сам сделал в своей квартире книжный шкаф; make smth. into smth. make milk into cheese and butter (hide into leather, wood into pulp, etc.) перерабатывать молоко на масло и сыр и т. д.; make these huts into temporary houses (it into a stock company, the desert into a garden, etc.) превращать эти хижины во временное жилье и т. д., make these books into bundles связать книги в пачки; make a story into a play переделать повесть в пьесу

2) make smth. of smb. make an example of smb. ставить кого-л. в пример; make fun of smb. подшучивать или издеваться над кем-л.; make a laughing-stock of smb. сделать кого-л. посмешищем, выставлять кого-л. в смешном виде; make a fool /an ass/ of him (of her husband, etc.) делать из него и т. д. дурака; make a fool (a beast, a pig, etc.) of oneself вести себя как дурак и т. д., make a nuisance of oneself надоедать /докучать, досаждать/ кому-л.; make an exhibition /а spectacle, a show/ of oneself привлекать к себе внимание; make smth. of smth. make a profession of smth. сделать что-л. своей профессией; make a business of politics заниматься политикой профессионально; make a parade / a show/ of one's talents щеголять /кичиться/ своими талантами; make a boast of smth. хвастаться / хвалиться/ чем-л.; make a secret of smth. делать из чего-л. тайну /секрет/; he was asked to help but he made a hash /a muddle, a mess/ of everything его просили помочь, а он все испортил; make hell of smb.'s life превратить чью-л. жизнь в ад; make a note of his telephone number записать номер его телефона; make notes of a lecture записать лекцию; you must make a mental note of what he is saying вы должны запомнить /взять на заметку/, что он говорят; don't make a habit of it смотри, чтобы это не превратилось в привычку; make the most of smth. максимально использовать что-л.; make the best of one's delay (of this scanty information, of his absence, etc.) наилучшим образом /наиболее эффективно/ использовать задержку и т. д.; make a good thing of it извлечь из этого пользу; make good use of this opportunity воспользоваться предоставившейся возможностью; make a good (a bad) job of smth. хорошо (плохо) справиться с чем-л.; make smth. for smb., smth. make a name for oneself стать известным; make a reputation for oneself создать себе репутацию; make allowance (s) for circumstances (for smb.'s inexperience, for her age, etc.) делать скидку на обстоятельства и т. д.; make arrangements for a meeting (for a party, for a dance, for their departure, etc.) подготовить собрание и т. д., make much for the peace of the world много сделать для сохранения мира; make smb., smth. with smb. make friends with smb. подружиться с кем-л., наладить с кем-л. дружеские отношения; а quarrel with smb. поссориться с кем-л.; make peace with smb. помириться с кем-л.; make smth. in (on, etc.) smth., smb. make a name in the world снискать мировую славу, приобрести известность во всем мире; make an impression on smb. производить на кого-л. впечатление; make war upon smb., smth. a) идти войной на кого-л., что-л.; б) вести войну с кем-л., чем-л. || make love to smb. а) ласкать кого-л., заниматься любовью с кем-л., б) ухаживать за кем-л.; говорить кому-л. ласковые слова

3) make smb. of smb. his parents want to make a doctor (a lawyer, a soldier, an actor, etc.) of their son родители хотят, чтобы их сын стал врачом и т. д., make a man of him сделать из него человека; make a friend of her children подружиться с ее детьми; make a friend of an enemy превратить врага в друга; make smb. into smb. make them into slaves (him into a bully, her into a sophisticated hostess, etc.) превратить их в /сделать из них/ рабов и т. д.

4) make smth. over smth. make a fuss (a row, a scandal, etc.) over smth. поднимать шум и т. д. по какому-л. поводу; make a to-do over a trifle поднимать шумиху из-за пустяка

5) make smth. for smth. make a dash for the open window (a bolt for the door, a bee-line for the gates, etc.) броситься к открытому окну и т. д., make smth. to smth. make one's way to the station (to the river, to the house, back to the tower, etc.) пойти /направиться/ к станции и т. д., make smth. by smth. make the crossing by ferry переправиться на пароме; make smth. at smb. make a grab at him попытаться схватить его || it's time we were making tracks for home нам уже пора повернуть к дому

6) make some distance in some time we made the whole distance in ten days мы прошли весь путь /покрыли все расстояние/ за десять дней; we've made 80 miles since noon с полудня мы проделали восемьдесят миль

7) make smth. in some time the train will make Moscow in five hours поезд будет в Москве через пять часов

8) make smth. at /in/ smth. make good grades at school получать [в школе] хорошие отметки, хорошо учиться; make the highest score in the match получать в этом матче больше всех очков /самый лучший результат/; make one's way in the world преуспеть, добиться успеха || coll. he'll make it through college ему удастся окончить колледж; he made six towns on this trip во время этой поездки он посетил шесть городов /побывал в шести городах/

9) make smth. by (out of, from, in, etc.) smth. make a good deal by it хорошо на этом заработать; make much profit out of this undertaking извлекать большую выгоду из этого предприятия; he made a great fortune out of tea он составил большое состояние на торговле чаем; make a great deal of money in oil много заработать на нефти; make a living from literary work зарабатывать [на жизнь] литературным трудом; make a loss on the transaction потерпеть /понести/ убытки на этой сделке

10) make smth. of smth., smb. read this letter and tell me what you make of it прочтите это письмо и скажите, как вы его расцениваете; what do you make of the new assistant? какое у тебя впечатление /что ты думаешь/ о новом помощнике?; make much of this article ( of her work, of this man, etc.) быть высокого мнения об этой статье и т. д., newspapers made much of his achievements газеты превозносили его успехи; she makes too much of the boy уж слишком она носится с этим мальчиком; make little of smth., smb. относиться пренебрежительно к чему-л., кому-л., не считаться с чем-л., кем-л.; he made little of his feat он принижал значение своего героического поступка

11) make smth. of smth. I could make nothing of his words (of all this scribble, of her letter, etc.) я ничего не мог понять из его слов и т. д., его слова были мне совершенно непонятны и т. д., you will make more of it than I вы в этом лучше разберетесь [, чем я]; I can make no sense of what he says я не вижу никакого смысла в том, что он говорит; what are we to make of his behaviour? как нам следует /нам прикажете/ понимать его поведение?

12) make smth. with smb. they made a bargain with him они заключили с ним сделку || make a settlement on smb. распорядиться имуществом в пользу кого-л.

13) semiaux make smth. for smb. make room for smb. [подвинуться и] дать кому-л. место; can you make room for one more man? найдется место еще для одного человека?; make way for others посторониться, дать дорогу другим; make smth. at smb. he made a face at them он состроил им рожу; don't make eyes at him не строй ему глазки

14) 0 make smth. in some time he will make a sergeant in six months через шесть месяцев он станет сержантом
15. XXII
1) make smth. of doing smth. make a practice of working in his garden in the morning (of helping others, of doing his exercises in front of an open window, etc.) взять за правило по утрам работать в его саду и т. д.; he makes a practice of cheating он всегда обманывает; make a point of being on time у него принцип make не опаздывать /быть пунктуальным/; she made it a point of being very patient with these children она особенно старалась быть терпеливой с этими детьми

2) make smth. by doing smth. make one's living by giving piano lessons (by writing books for children, by selling flowers, etc.) зарабатывать на жизнь уроками игры на фортепиано и т. д.; she makes money by nursing она зарабатывает деньги, ухаживая за больными; she made her name by writing memoirs она прославилась своими мемуарами
16. XXIV1
|| make it as smb. coll. добиться успеха, будучи кем-л.; I wanted to make it as a writer мне хотелось добиться успеха на писательском поприще
17. XXVI
make smth. [that]... this makes the fifth time you've failed this examination ты уже [в] пятый раз проваливаешься на этом экзамене

English-Russian dictionary of verb phrases > make
12 Memory

   1) A Unitary Search Process for All the Phenomena of Memory

   To what extent can we lump together what goes on when you try to recall: (1) your name; (2) how you kick a football; and (3) the present location of your car keys? If we use introspective evidence as a guide, the first seems an immediate automatic response. The second may require constructive internal replay prior to our being able to produce a verbal description. The third... quite likely involves complex operational responses under the control of some general strategy system. Is any unitary search process, with a single set of characteristics and inputoutput relations, likely to cover all these cases? (Reitman, 1970, p. 485)

   2) Semantic Memory Is a Mental Thesaurus

   [Semantic memory] Is a mental thesaurus, organized knowledge a person possesses about words and other verbal symbols, their meanings and referents, about relations among them, and about rules, formulas, and algorithms for the manipulation of these symbols, concepts, and relations. Semantic memory does not register perceptible properties of inputs, but rather cognitive referents of input signals. (Tulving, 1972, p. 386)

   3) The Development of Mnemonic Codes

   The mnemonic code, far from being fixed and unchangeable, is structured and restructured along with general development. Such a restructuring of the code takes place in close dependence on the schemes of intelligence. The clearest indication of this is the observation of different types of memory organisation in accordance with the age level of a child so that a longer interval of retention without any new presentation, far from causing a deterioration of memory, may actually improve it. (Piaget & Inhelder, 1973, p. 36)

   4) The Logic of Some Memory Theorization Is of Dubious Worth in the History of Psychology

   If a cue was effective in memory retrieval, then one could infer it was encoded; if a cue was not effective, then it was not encoded. The logic of this theorization is "heads I win, tails you lose" and is of dubious worth in the history of psychology. We might ask how long scientists will puzzle over questions with no answers. (Solso, 1974, p. 28)

   5) The Constituent Elements of Memory Theory

   We have iconic, echoic, active, working, acoustic, articulatory, primary, secondary, episodic, semantic, short-term, intermediate-term, and longterm memories, and these memories contain tags, traces, images, attributes, markers, concepts, cognitive maps, natural-language mediators, kernel sentences, relational rules, nodes, associations, propositions, higher-order memory units, and features. (Eysenck, 1977, p. 4)

   6) The Problem with the Memory Metaphor

   The problem with the memory metaphor is that storage and retrieval of traces only deals [ sic] with old, previously articulated information. Memory traces can perhaps provide a basis for dealing with the "sameness" of the present experience with previous experiences, but the memory metaphor has no mechanisms for dealing with novel information. (Bransford, McCarrell, Franks & Nitsch, 1977, p. 434)

   7) The Results of a Hundred Years of the Psychological Study of Memory Are Somewhat Discouraging

   The results of a hundred years of the psychological study of memory are somewhat discouraging. We have established firm empirical generalisations, but most of them are so obvious that every ten-year-old knows them anyway. We have made discoveries, but they are only marginally about memory; in many cases we don't know what to do with them, and wear them out with endless experimental variations. We have an intellectually impressive group of theories, but history offers little confidence that they will provide any meaningful insight into natural behavior. (Neisser, 1978, pp. 12-13)

   8) The Structure and Function of a Schema in Memory

   A schema, then is a data structure for representing the generic concepts stored in memory. There are schemata representing our knowledge about all concepts; those underlying objects, situations, events, sequences of events, actions and sequences of actions. A schema contains, as part of its specification, the network of interrelations that is believed to normally hold among the constituents of the concept in question. A schema theory embodies a prototype theory of meaning. That is, inasmuch as a schema underlying a concept stored in memory corresponds to the mean ing of that concept, meanings are encoded in terms of the typical or normal situations or events that instantiate that concept. (Rumelhart, 1980, p. 34)

   9) Competence and Performance in Theories of Memory

   Memory appears to be constrained by a structure, a "syntax," perhaps at quite a low level, but it is free to be variable, deviant, even erratic at a higher level....

   Like the information system of language, memory can be explained in part by the abstract rules which underlie it, but only in part. The rules provide a basic competence, but they do not fully determine performance. (Campbell, 1982, pp. 228, 229)

    10) Metaphors of Memory

   When people think about the mind, they often liken it to a physical space, with memories and ideas as objects contained within that space. Thus, we speak of ideas being in the dark corners or dim recesses of our minds, and of holding ideas in mind. Ideas may be in the front or back of our minds, or they may be difficult to grasp. With respect to the processes involved in memory, we talk about storing memories, of searching or looking for lost memories, and sometimes of finding them. An examination of common parlance, therefore, suggests that there is general adherence to what might be called the spatial metaphor. The basic assumptions of this metaphor are that memories are treated as objects stored in specific locations within the mind, and the retrieval process involves a search through the mind in order to find specific memories....

   However, while the spatial metaphor has shown extraordinary longevity, there have been some interesting changes over time in the precise form of analogy used. In particular, technological advances have inﬂuenced theoretical conceptualisations.... The original Greek analogies were based on wax tablets and aviaries; these were superseded by analogies involving switchboards, gramophones, tape recorders, libraries, conveyor belts, and underground maps. Most recently, the workings of human memory have been compared to computer functioning... and it has been suggested that the various memory stores found in computers have their counterparts in the human memory system. (Eysenck, 1984, pp. 79-80)

    11) Comparison of Primary Memory and Secondary Memory

   Primary memory [as proposed by William James] relates to information that remains in consciousness after it has been perceived, and thus forms part of the psychological present, whereas secondary memory contains information about events that have left consciousness, and are therefore part of the psychological past. (Eysenck, 1984, p. 86)

    12) Semantic Memory and Episodic Memory

   Once psychologists began to study long-term memory per se, they realized it may be divided into two main categories.... Semantic memories have to do with our general knowledge about the working of the world. We know what cars do, what stoves do, what the laws of gravity are, and so on. Episodic memories are largely events that took place at a time and place in our personal history. Remembering specific events about our own actions, about our family, and about our individual past falls into this category. With amnesia or in aging, what dims... is our personal episodic memories, save for those that are especially dear or painful to us. Our knowledge of how the world works remains pretty much intact. (Gazzaniga, 1988, p. 42)

    13) The Relation of Memory to Thinking

   The nature of memory... provides a natural starting point for an analysis of thinking. Memory is the repository of many of the beliefs and representations that enter into thinking, and the retrievability of these representations can limit the quality of our thought. (Smith, 1990, p. 1)

Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Memory
13 sample

ˈsɑ:mpl
1. сущ.
1) а) образец, образчик, экземпляр to distribute, hand out ( free) samples ≈ раздавать образцы floor sample ≈ товар, потерявший товарный вид free sample ≈ бесплатный образец, экземпляр б) проба (часто для научного или медицинского исследования) they took samples of my blood ≈ у меня взяли кровь на пробу ∙ Syn: pattern
1., specimen
2) пример, образец ( о нематериальных сущностях) Syn: example, illustration, instance
1.
3) мат.;
стат. выборка We based our analysis on a random sample of more than 200 people. ≈ Наш анализ опирается на исследование случайной выборки, состоящей из более чем 200 человек.
4) модель, шаблон
2. прил. представляющий собой образец, пример sample questions ≈ примерные вопросы (напр., к экзамену)
3. гл.
1) а) брать образцы или пробы;
особ. определять качество на основе анализа отдельного образца Syn: test
2. б) пробовать на вкус, дегустировать( блюда, напитки) Syn: taste
2.
2) испытывать, пробовать a good chance to sample a different way of life ≈ неплохой шанс попробовать изменить образ жизни Syn: try
2.
3) представлять собой образец, образчик;
служить образчиком (чего-л.)
4) снабжать образцами (особ. какой-л. продукции) to sample the dealers with new articles ≈ снабдить торговых представителей образцами новых товаров образец, образчик;
проба - fine * прекрасный образчик - a book of *s альбом образцов - *s of air for analysis пробы воздуха для анализа - to sell by * продавать по образцам - up to *, equal to * соответствующий образцу - below /not up to, not equal to/ * не соответствующи образцу - as per * (коммерческое) согласно образцу - representative * характерный образец - * bottle пробная бутылка - * tea образец чая - * operation order( военное) примерный боевой приказ образец, пример - a * of courage образец смелости - to give a * of one's knowledge продемонстрировать свою образованность шаблон, модель (статистика) выборка, замер, выборочная совокупность - * census выборочная перепись - * unit единица выборки - representative * репрезентативная /представительная/ выборка отбирать образцы или пробы пробовать, испытывать - it was the first time I had *d camp life тогда я впервые испытал лагерную /походную/ жизнь adequate ~ образец, соответствующий требованиям biased ~ стат. необъективная выборка biased ~ стат. пристрастная выборка biased ~ смещенная выборка biased ~ стат. смещенная выборка bivariate ~ двумерная выборка blood ~ образец крови ~ образец, образчик;
book of samples альбом образцов censored ~ цензурированная выборка cluster ~ стат. групповой выбор commercial ~ (not for sale) торговый образец товара не для продажи counter ~ конкурирующий образец free ~ бесплатный образец judgment ~ преднамеренный выбор large ~ большая выборка lot ~ выборка из партии moderate-sized ~ выборка умеренного объема multicensored ~ многократно цензурированная выборка multiphase ~ многофазная выборка multipurpose ~ многоцелевая выборка multistage ~ многоступенчатая выборка nongrouped ~ негруппированная выборка normal ~ нормальная выборка ordered ~ упорядоченная выборка probability ~ вероятностная выборка proportionate ~ пропорциональная выборка purposive ~ преднамеренная выборка quality ~ выборочный уровень качества quasi-random ~ квазислучайная выборка quota ~ пропорциональная выборка quota ~ стат. пропорциональная выборка random ~ образец, взятый по схеме случайного отбора random ~ произвольная выборка random ~ случайная выборка random ~ случайный отбор reference ~ контрольный образец replicate ~ повторная выборка representative ~ представительная выборка representative ~ репрезентативная выборка sample брать пробы ~ выборка ~ выборочная партия( товара, изделий) ~ выборочная партия ~ stat. выборочная совокупность ~ замер ~ образец, образчик;
book of samples альбом образцов ~ образец ~ образец товара ~ образчик ~ отбирать образцы, брать образчик или пробу ~ отбирать образцы ~ отбирать образцы или пробы ~ проба ~ пробовать, испытывать ~ производить выборку ~ шаблон, модель ~ шаблон ~ of data вчт. набор данных ~ of no value stat. непредставительная выборка ~ of no value stat. нерепрезентативная выборка single ~ однократная выборка singly censored ~ однократно цензурированная выборка small ~ малая выборка small ~ theory теория малых выборок stratified ~ районированная выборка stratified ~ расслоенная выборка stratified ~ типическая выборка systematic ~ систематическая выборка systematical ~ систематическая выборка test ~ образец для испытаний test ~ опытный образец test ~ пробный образец three-stage ~ трехступенчатая выборка trade ~ образец товара truncated ~ усеченная выборка two-stage ~ двухступенчатая выборка unbiased ~ беспристрастная выборка unbiased ~ несмещенная выборка unbiased ~ объективная выборка uncensored ~ нецензурированная выборка unordered ~ неупорядоченная выборка unrepresentative ~ непредставительная выборка unrepresentative ~ нерепрезентативная выборка unsolicited ~ образец, высланный без запроса

Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > sample
14 form

I
1. fo:m noun
1) ((a) shape; outward appearance: He saw a strange form in the darkness.) forma

2) (a kind, type or variety: What form of ceremony usually takes place when someone gets a promotion?) clase, tipo

3) (a document containing certain questions, the answers to which must be written on it: an application form.) formulario

4) (a fixed way of doing things: forms and ceremonies.) formalidad

5) (a school class: He is in the sixth form.) curso

2. verb
1) (to make; to cause to take shape: They decided to form a drama group.) formar, constituir

2) (to come into existence; to take shape: An idea slowly formed in his mind.) formarse

3) (to organize or arrange (oneself or other people) into a particular order: The women formed (themselves) into three groups.) organizarse

4) (to be; to make up: These lectures form part of the medical course.) constituir

•

- formation
- be in good form
- in the form of
II fo:m noun
(a long, usually wooden seat: The children were sitting on forms.) banco

form¹ n

1. curso

I'm in the third form hago tercero / estoy en el tercer curso

2. forma

a cake in the form of a heart una tarta en forma de corazón

3. impreso / formulario

you have to fill in this form tienes que rellenar este impreso

form² vb formar / formarse

the dancers formed a circle los bailarines formaron un círculo

to form a club formar un club

ice formed on the surface of the lake se formó hielo en la superficie del lago

form

tr[fɔːm]

noun

1 (shape, mode etc) forma

■ it's a cake in the form of a train es un pastel en forma de tren

2 (kind) clase nombre femenino, tipo

■ she hates exercise in any form odia cualquier tipo de ejercicio

3 (formality) formas nombre femenino plural; (behaviour) educación nombre femenino

■ what is the form? ¿qué hay que hacer?

4 (physical condition) forma

■ she's in excellent form está en muy buena forma

5 (mood, spirit) humor nombre masculino

■ your father is in fine form tonight tu padre está de muy buen humor esta noche

6 (document) formulario, impreso, hoja

■ sign this form, please firme esta hoja, por favor

7 SMALLEDUCATION/SMALL (age group) curso; (class) clase nombre femenino

8 (bench) banco

9 SMALLBRITISH ENGLISH/SMALL slang (criminal record) antecedentes nombre masculino plural penales

transitive verb

1 (mould) moldear, modelar; (make) hacer, formar; (character) formar

■ the child formed the clay into a bowl el niño moldeó el barro en un bol

■ try to form complete sentences intenta hacer frases completas

■ the children formed themselves into groups los niños formaron grupos

■ early experiences form a person's character las primeras experiencias forman el carácter de una persona

2 (set up) formar

■ the committee was formed in 1980 el comité se formó en 1980

■ he was asked to form a government le pidieron que formara un gobierno

3 (be, constitute) formar, constituir

■ socialists formed the bulk of the group los socialistas formaban la mayor parte del grupo

■ interviews and letters form the basis of the book la mayor parte del libro la forman entrevistas y cartas

4 figurative use (idea) hacerse; (impression, opinion) formarse; (relationship) hacer; (habit) adquirir; (plan) concebir

■ I formed the wrong impression of you me formé una mala impresión de ti

intransitive verb

1 formarse

■ a long queue had formed una larga cola se había formado

■ a crowd formed se formó una multitud

\

SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL

as a matter of form por educación, por cortesía

in any shape or form de cualquier forma

to be bad form ser de mala educación

to be on form estar en forma

to be off form estar en baja forma

to take form tomar forma

form ['fɔrm] vt

1) fashion, make: formar

2) develop: moldear, desarrollar

3) constitute: constituir, formar

4) acquire: adquirir (un hábito), formar (una idea)

form vi

: tomar forma, formarse

form n

1) shape: forma f, figura f

2) manner: manera f, forma f

3) document: formulario m

4) : forma f

in good form: en buena forma

true to form: en forma consecuente

5) mold: molde m

6) kind, variety: clase f, tipo m

7) : forma f (en gramática)

plural forms: formas plurales

form

n.

• calaña s.f.

• conformación s.f.

• figura s.f.

• forma s.f.

• formación s.f.

• formalidad s.f.

• formulario s.m.

• hechura s.f.

• impreso s.m.

• modelo s.m.

• modo s.m.

• molde s.m.

v.

• adquirir v.

• configurar v.

• formar v.

• integrar v.

• modelar v.

fɔːrm, fɔːm
I

noun

1) c u (shape, manner) forma f

what form should our protest take? — ¿cómo deberíamos manifestar nuestra protesta?

2)

a) c u (type, kind) tipo

they require some form of explanation — necesitan algún tipo de explicación

other forms of life — otras formas de vida

birds are a higher form of life than insects — las aves son una especie superior a los insectos

b) c u ( style) forma f

form and content — forma y contenido or fondo

3) u (fitness, ability) forma f

to be on/off form — estar* en forma/en baja forma

on past form it seems unlikely that... — conociendo su historial, no parece probable que...

4) u ( etiquette)

as a matter of form — por educación or cortesía

to be bad/good form — (esp BrE) ser* de mala/buena educación

5) c ( document) formulario m, impreso m, forma f (Méx)

6) c (BrE Educ) ( class) clase f; ( year) curso m, año m

II
1.

transitive verb

1)

a) (shape, mold) formar; \<\<character\>\> formar, moldear

b) ( take shape of) \<\<line/circle\>\> formar

2) ( develop) \<\<opinion\>\> formarse; \<\<habit\>\> adquirir*

3) ( constitute) \<\<basis/part\>\> formar, constituir*

4) (set up, establish) \<\<committee/government/company\>\> formar

2.

form vi \<\<idea/plan\>\> tomar forma; \<\<ice/fog\>\> formarse

[fɔːm]
1. N

1) (=shape) forma f ; (=figure, shadow) bulto m, silueta f

the same thing in a different form — lo mismo pero con otra forma

form and content — forma f y contenido

in the form of — en forma de

I'm against hunting in any form — estoy en contra de cualquier forma de caza

to take form — concretarse, tomar or cobrar forma

it took the form of a cash prize — consistió en un premio en metálico

what form will the ceremony take? — ¿en qué consistirá la ceremonia?

2) (=kind, type) clase f, tipo m

a new form of government — un nuevo sistema de gobierno

as a form of apology — como disculpa

3) (=way, means) forma f

in due form — en la debida forma

form of payment — modo m de pago

what's the form? — ¿qué es lo que hemos de hacer?

that is common form — eso es muy corriente

4) (Sport) (also fig) forma f

to be in good form — estar en buena forma

he was in great form last night — estaba en plena forma anoche

to be on form — estar en forma

to be out of form — estar desentrenado

in top form — en plena forma

true to form — como de costumbre

5) (=document) (gen) formulario m, impreso m

application form — solicitud f

to fill in or out a form — rellenar un formulario or un impreso

6) (Brit) frm (=etiquette) apariencias fpl

for form's sake — por pura fórmula, para guardar las apariencias

it's bad form — está mal visto

it's a matter of form — es una formalidad

7) (=bench) banco m

8) (Brit) (Scol) curso m, clase f

she's in the first form — está haciendo primer curso de secundaria or primero de secundaria

9) (Brit)
(Racing)
to study the form — estudiar resultados anteriores

2.

VT (=shape, make) formar; [+ clay etc] modelar, moldear; [+ company] formar, fundar; [+ plan] elaborar, formular; [+ sentence] construir; [+ queue] hacer; [+ idea] concebir, formular; [+ opinion] hacerse, formarse; [+ habit] crear

he formed it out of clay — lo modeló or moldeó en arcilla

to form a government — formar gobierno

to form a group — formar un grupo

to form part of sth — formar parte de algo

3.

VI tomar forma, formarse

an idea formed in his mind — una idea tomó forma en su mente

how do ideas form? — ¿cómo se forman las ideas?

4.

CPD

form feed N — (Comput) salto m de página

form letter N — (US) carta f tipo

form of words N — (=formulation) formulación f

- form up

* * *
[fɔːrm, fɔːm]
I

noun

1) c u (shape, manner) forma f

what form should our protest take? — ¿cómo deberíamos manifestar nuestra protesta?

2)

a) c u (type, kind) tipo

they require some form of explanation — necesitan algún tipo de explicación

other forms of life — otras formas de vida

birds are a higher form of life than insects — las aves son una especie superior a los insectos

b) c u ( style) forma f

form and content — forma y contenido or fondo

3) u (fitness, ability) forma f

to be on/off form — estar* en forma/en baja forma

on past form it seems unlikely that... — conociendo su historial, no parece probable que...

4) u ( etiquette)

as a matter of form — por educación or cortesía

to be bad/good form — (esp BrE) ser* de mala/buena educación

5) c ( document) formulario m, impreso m, forma f (Méx)

6) c (BrE Educ) ( class) clase f; ( year) curso m, año m

II
1.

transitive verb

1)

a) (shape, mold) formar; \<\<character\>\> formar, moldear

b) ( take shape of) \<\<line/circle\>\> formar

2) ( develop) \<\<opinion\>\> formarse; \<\<habit\>\> adquirir*

3) ( constitute) \<\<basis/part\>\> formar, constituir*

4) (set up, establish) \<\<committee/government/company\>\> formar

2.

form vi \<\<idea/plan\>\> tomar forma; \<\<ice/fog\>\> formarse

English-spanish dictionary > form
15 do

du: 1. 3rd person singular present tense - does; verb
1) (used with a more important verb in questions and negative statements: Do you smoke?)

2) (used with a more important verb for emphasis; ; ðo sit down)

3) (used to avoid repeating a verb which comes immediately before: I thought she wouldn't come, but she did.)

4) (used with a more important verb after seldom, rarely and little: Little did he know what was in store for him.)

5) (to carry out or perform: What shall I do?; That was a terrible thing to do.) gjøre

6) (to manage to finish or complete: When you've done that, you can start on this; We did a hundred kilometres in an hour.) gjøre, fullføre

7) (to perform an activity concerning something: to do the washing; to do the garden / the windows.) vaske, rydde

8) (to be enough or suitable for a purpose: Will this piece of fish do two of us?; That'll do nicely; Do you want me to look for a blue one or will a pink one do?; Will next Saturday do for our next meeting?) være nok, holde, passe, gjøre seg

9) (to work at or study: She's doing sums; He's at university doing science.) arbeide med, ta seg av, studere

10) (to manage or prosper: How's your wife doing?; My son is doing well at school.) greie seg, klare seg

11) (to put in order or arrange: She's doing her hair.) ordne, sette i stand

12) (to act or behave: Why don't you do as we do?) gjøre, handle, opptre

13) (to give or show: The whole town gathered to do him honour.) vise

14) (to cause: What damage did the storm do?; It won't do him any harm.) forårsake

15) (to see everything and visit everything in: They tried to do London in four days.) gjøre, bese
2. noun
(an affair or a festivity, especially a party: The school is having a do for Christmas.) tilstelning, fest

- doer
- doings
- done
- do-it-yourself
- to-do
- I
- he could be doing with / could do with
- do away with
- do for
- done for
- done in
- do out
- do out of
- do's and don'ts
- do without
- to do with
- what are you doing with

gjøre
--------
lage
--------
utføre

I
subst. (flertall: dos eller do's) \/duː\/

( hverdagslig)

1) ( mest britisk) fest, selskap

• Stephen never came to Christmas dos

2) (barnespråk, hverdagslig) bæsj

3) (amer., hverdagslig, også 'do, kort for hairdo) frisyre, hårfasong

4) ( militærvesen) aksjon

5) (britisk, gammeldags) bedrageri, svindel, narrestrek

do's and don'ts regler for hva man bør og ikke bør gjøre, råd og advarsler

• he's full of do's and don'ts

han er nøye med hva man bør og ikke bør gjøre

fair dos\/do's like for like, rett skal være rett

make a do of something (austr.) få noe til å lykkes, få noe til å klaffe
II
subst. \/dəʊ\/ eller doh

( musikk) do
III
verb ( did - done, 3. person entall presens does)
\/duː\/, \/dʊ\/, \/də\/
1) gjøre

• do as you're told!

gjør som du blir bedt om!

• what am I to do?

hva skal jeg gjøre

• oh, do!

(bare) gjør det, du!

• please, do!

for all del, (bare) gjør det!

2) gjøre, prestere, yte, utrette, utføre

• he usually does his work well

han gjør vanligvis en god jobb

3) ( om tilvirkning) lage, male, tegne, skrive, fremstille, ta

• Jane did illustrations for a book

Jane laget illustrasjoner til en bok

• Tim did a book on his travels

Tim skrev en bok om reisene sine

• he did a portrait of me

han malte et portrett av meg

• we can do this lipstick in ten different shades

vi kan fremstille denne leppestiften i ti forskjellige sjatteringer

• I did six copies of the book

jeg tok seks kopier av boken

4) klare, få til, lykkes i, greie

• show me what you can do

vis meg hva du kan \/ hvis meg hva du duger til

• I did it this time

denne gangen klarte jeg det \/ denne gangen lyktes jeg

5) ( om arbeidsoppgave) gjøre, lage, klare, ordne, gjøre i stand, sette i stand, ta seg av, ta hånd om, stå for

• she's doing her homework

hun gjør lekser

• I do the cooking and she does the cleaning

jeg lager maten og hun tar seg av rengjøringen

• who did the drying-up?

hvem var det som tørket opp?

• first I'll do the stockings, and then I'll do the windows

først skal jeg stoppe strømper, og så skal jeg pusse vinduene

• he does the fiction for the paper

han tar seg av skjønnlitteraturen i avisen

• I did the washing-up

jeg tok oppvasken \/ jeg vasket opp

• she does dressmaking for a living

hun livnærer seg av å sy klær

• I'll do you next, sir

jeg skal hjelpe Dem etterpå

6) (om yrke, hobby eller studium) vie seg til, sysle med, arbeide med, arbeide på, gjøre, holde på med, studere, lese

• he wants to do chemistry all his life

han ønsker å jobbe med kjemi hele livet

• we are doing a dictionary

vi holder på med å lage en ordbok

• what are you doing?

hva holder du på med?

• he does French and history

han studerer fransk og historie

7) arrangere

• they do holidays

de arrangerer ferier

8) ( matlaging) anrette, lage til, tilberede, koke, steke

• I hope they do good dinners here

jeg håper de lager god mat her

• remember to do the meat with salt and pepper

husk å salte og pepre kjøttet

9) (om skuespill, opera eller rolle) oppføre, spille

• he did Hamlet

han spilte Hamlet

10) (om hastighet, distanse e.l.) tilbakelegge, gå, kjøre, løpe, gjøre (hverdagslig)

• the car has done 5000 kilometres

bilen har gått 5000 kilometer

11) (hverdagslig, om turist e.l.) se, bese, gjøre

• we did Spain in a week

vi gjorde Spania på en uke

• I did a show

jeg var og så på en (teater)forestilling

12) løse, klare, legge

• do a crossword

løse kryssord

• do a problem

løse et problem

• we can't do the size

vi har ikke størrelsen

• do a jigsaw puzzle

legge puslespill

13) (hverdagslig, om fengselsstraff) sone, sitte inne

• he did five years in prison

han satt fem år i fengsel

14) ( hverdagslig) lure, narre, svindle, snyte

15) ( slang) knulle, ta, suge (praktisere munnsex på)

16) ( hverdagslig) gi kost og losji til, ha kost og losji

• they do you very well at the hotel

det er god service på hotellet

17) greie seg, klare seg

• how is he doing at school?

hvordan går det med ham på skolen?

• how are you doing?

hvordan går det? \/ hvordan har du det?

18) ( om noe som er tilstrekkelig eller akseptabelt) være nok, greie seg, klare seg, passe, gå an

• that'll do

det er bra \/det holder \/ det klarer seg

• that'll do from you

nå klarer det seg \/ nå får det være nok \/ nå kan du holde opp

• that won't do

det går ikke \/ det duger ikke

• three pieces will do me

tre stykker greier seg for meg

• this room will do me

dette rommet passer meg

19) (slang, om narkotika) gå på, bruke

20) ( hverdagslig) ta knekken på

• that last set of tennis did me

det siste settet med tennis tok knekken på meg

21) ( slang) rane, overfalle, slå ned

22) ( om dans) danse

• let's do the rumba

nå danser vi rumba

be doing holde på med, være opptatt med, foreta seg, ha fore

• are you doing anything tonight?

har du noe fore i kveld?

foregå, hende, skje

• there is nothing doing

det skjer ingenting

• see if there is anything doing

se om det er noe å gjøre

be doing well gjøre det bra være på bedringens vei

be done for være ferdig, være fortapt, være solgt, være i alvorlige vanskeligheter

• he is done for

han er ferdig \/ han er solgt \/ han er fortapt

be done in være utmattet, være utkjørt, være helt ferdig, være drept (slang)

be done up være utkjørt, være helt ferdig

be done up in være kledd i, være iført

be\/have done with være over, være et avsluttet kapittel, være ute av verden

• let's have done with it

la oss få en slutt på det \/ vi må få saken ut av verden

• buy the car and have done with it

kjøp bilen først som sist

be hard done by bli dårlig behandlet

• he had been hard done by

han var blitt dårlig behandlet

be up and doing være i full vigør, være i full virksomhet

do a freeze ( slang) fryse seg fordervet

do and die kjempe og falle

do a slow burn ( slang) være rødglødende av sinne

do as you would be done by gjør mot andre som du vil at de skal gjøre mot deg

do away with avskaffe, bli kvitt, kvitte seg med ta livet av, avlive, rydde av veien

do by behandle

• do well by my cat!

behandle katten min pent!

do down ( hverdagslig) lure, snyte, ta ved nesen rakke ned på, tråkke på, sverte

do for duge til, passe som

• this room will do very well for a kitchen

dette rommet kommer til å passe godt som kjøkken

( hverdagslig) stelle huset for

• he does for himself

han tar seg av husholdningen selv

få tak i

• how will you do for water?

hvordan får du tak i vann?

ta knekken på, kverke, myrde, drepe, gjøre av med

do fractions ( matematikk) regne med brøk

do in ( slang) kverke, drepe, gjøre det av med ta knekken på, knekke, ruinere lure, snyte, ta ved nesen

do into oversette til, gjøre til

• I did the novel into English

jeg oversatte romanen til engelsk

• the book was done into a film

det ble laget film av boken

• it is difficult to do a novel into verse

det er vanskelig å versifisere en roman

do it ( hverdagslig) ha sex, knulle ( hverdagslig) tisse, bæsje ( overført) gjøre utslaget

• that did it

det gjorde utslaget \/ det gjorde susen

do one's best gjøre sitt beste, gjøre seg umak

• I did my best

jeg gjorde så godt jeg kunne

do one's duty gjøre sin plikt

do oneself in ta livet av seg

do oneself well være glad i å leve, nyte livet

do one's head (in) eller do one's nut in ( slang) være sint som en tyrk, miste hodet

do or die seire elle dø, vinne eller forsvinne, klare seg eller gå under

do out rydde opp, sette i stand, male (og tapetsere)

do over ( hverdagslig) pusse opp, gjøre om jule opp, banke opp, overfalle og rane (spesielt amer.) gjøre om igjen

• she has to do her article over

hun må gjøre om igjen artikkelen (sin)

do somebody a favour gjøre noen en tjeneste

do somebody credit\/honour gjøre noen ære

• it does him credit

det hedrer ham

do somebody out of something lure noen for noe, snyte noen for noe

• she did him out of his job

hun tok jobben fra ham

do something for someone gjøre noe for noen, hjelpe noen med noe

• what can I do for you?

hva kan jeg hjelpe deg med? \/ kan jeg hjelpe deg med noe?

do something in ( hverdagslig) skade, såre

• she did her back in yesterday

hun skadet ryggen sin i går

do something twice se ➢ twice

do the backstroke svømme rygg

do time ( om fengselsstraff) sitte inne

do to death ta livet av

do to others as you would have them do to you gjør mot andre som du vil at de skal gjøre imot deg, vær mot andre som du vil at de skal være med deg

do up gjøre i stand, sette i stand, reparere gjøre om, pusse opp

• the house needs doing up

huset trenger en oppussing

pakke inn

• do up a parcel

pakke en pakke

knappe, hekte, kneppe igjen

• she did up all the buttons

hun kneppet igjen alle knappene

• this dress does up at the back

denne kjolen kneppes i ryggen

( hverdagslig) ruinere

do up one's face sminke seg

do up one's hair sette opp håret

do well trives, ha det bra

• roses do well in a clay soil

roser trives godt i leirholdig jord

• they are not doing very well

de har det ikke så bra

klare seg godt

• she is doing well

hun klarer seg bra \/ det går bra for henne

• the business is doing well

det går bra med forretningene

do well by somebody behandle noen pent

• she did well by him

hun behandlet ham pent

do well for oneself gjøre det godt

• he is doing very well for himself

det går veldig bra for ham \/ han gjør det godt \/ han klarer seg bra

do well to do something eller do wisely to do something gjøre klokt i å gjøre noe

• he would do well to go

det ville være klokt av ham å gå

do with gjøre med

• what am I to do with him?

hva skal jeg gjøre med ham?

• everything to do with this

alt som har med dette å gjøre

(kunne) klare seg med, greie seg med, trenge, behøve, tenke seg

• I can do with two

jeg klarer meg med to

• I could do with a drink

nå hadde det vært godt med en drink

do with oneself foreta seg, sysselsette seg med

• I didn't know what to do with myself

jeg visste ikke hva jeg skulle foreta meg

være fra seg

• I didn't know what to do with myself for joy

jeg var fra meg av glede

do without klare seg uten, unnvære

• we'll have to do without

vi får klare oss uten

• we can do without strikes

vi er bare glad til om vi slipper streiker \/ vi greier oss godt uten streiker

easy does it rolig nå, ta det rolig

free to do something fri til å gjøre noe

have to do with ha å gjøre med, angå

• he has to do with all sorts of people

han har å gjøre med alle typer mennesker

• it has nothing to do with you

det har ingenting med deg å gjøre \/ det angår ikke deg

• this has a great deal to do with his behaviour

dette har mye å gjøre med oppførselen hans

how do you do? ( ved presentasjon) god dag, hvordan står det til?, hvordan har du det?

make do with greie seg med, klare seg med

make it do! ( også) det får holde!, det får være nok!

make something do få noe til å holde, klare seg med noe

• we have to make the money do

vi må klare oss med de pengene som er

nothing doing! ( hverdagslig) ikke prøv deg!, aldri i livet!

so said, so done se ➢ say, 2

when (after) all is said and done se ➢ say, 2
IV
hjelpeverb \/duː\/, \/dʊ\/, \/də\/

1) i spørsmål og negative setninger

• do you know him?

kjenner du ham?

• so you want to be a doctor, do you?

så du vil altså bli lege, du?

• you saw it, didn't you?

du så det, ikke sant?

• did you like it?

likte du det?

• do I get off here?

skal jeg gå av her?

• doesn't he know it?

vet han det ikke?

• I did not dance

jeg danset ikke

• don't go!

ikke gå!

2) ved henvisning tilbake til et tidligere nevnt verb

• he didn't go, nor did I

han gikk ikke, og det gjorde ikke jeg heller

• she speaks Norwegian better than she does English

hun snakker norsk bedre enn engelsk

3) forsterkende

• I do wish I could help you

jeg skulle virkelig ønske jeg kunne hjelpe deg \/ om jeg bare kunne hjelpe deg

• he promised to come and he did come

han lovte at han skulle komme, og det gjorde han også

• but I did see him

men jeg så ham jo (faktisk)

• I did see him, but...

jeg så ham nok, men...

• do come!

for all del, bare kom! \/ kom nå!

4) i setninger innledet med nektende eller forsterkende adverb

• only then did he come

først da kom han

• rarely does it happen that

det skjer sjelden at

English-Norwegian dictionary > do
16 set

set 1. present participle - setting; verb
1) (to put or place: She set the tray down on the table.) sette, legge, plassere

2) (to put plates, knives, forks etc on (a table) for a meal: Please would you set the table for me?) dekke på bordet

3) (to settle or arrange (a date, limit, price etc): It's difficult to set a price on a book when you don't know its value.) (fast)sette, angi

4) (to give a person (a task etc) to do: The witch set the prince three tasks; The teacher set a test for her pupils; He should set the others a good example.) gi, sette opp; vise

5) (to cause to start doing something: His behaviour set people talking.) få til å

6) ((of the sun etc) to disappear below the horizon: It gets cooler when the sun sets.) gå ned

7) (to become firm or solid: Has the concrete set?) stivne, binde, størkne

8) (to adjust (eg a clock or its alarm) so that it is ready to perform its function: He set the alarm for 7.00 a.m.) stille

9) (to arrange (hair) in waves or curls.) legge (hår)

10) (to fix in the surface of something, eg jewels in a ring.) innfatte

11) (to put (broken bones) into the correct position for healing: They set his broken arm.) sette sammen/i ledd
2. adjective
1) (fixed or arranged previously: There is a set procedure for doing this.) fast, foreskrevet, obligatorisk

2) ((often with on) ready, intending or determined (to do something): He is set on going.) klar, parat, fast besluttet

3) (deliberate: He had the set intention of hurting her.) uttalt, bestemt

4) (stiff; fixed: He had a set smile on his face.) stiv, sammenbitt

5) (not changing or developing: set ideas.) meget bestemt, fastlåst

6) ((with with) having something set in it: a gold ring set with diamonds.) besatt/pyntet med
3. noun
1) (a group of things used or belonging together: a set of carving tools; a complete set of (the novels of) Jane Austen.) sett, samling

2) (an apparatus for receiving radio or television signals: a television/radio set.) -apparat

3) (a group of people: the musical set.) krets, gjeng, klikk, -sett

4) (the process of setting hair: a shampoo and set.) legg(ing)

5) (scenery for a play or film: There was a very impressive set in the final act.) dekorasjon, kulisser

6) (a group of six or more games in tennis: She won the first set and lost the next two.) sett

•

- setting
- setback
- set phrase
- set-square
- setting-lotion
- set-to
- set-up
- all set
- set about
- set someone against someone
- set against someone
- set someone against
- set against
- set aside
- set back
- set down
- set in
- set off
- set something or someone on someone
- set on someone
- set something or someone on
- set on
- set out
- set to
- set up
- set up camp
- set up house
- set up shop
- set upon

bande
--------
bestemt
--------
legge
--------
stø

I
subst. \/set\/

1) sett, samling

• I own a set of golf clubs

jeg eier et sett med golfkøller

• where's my toilet set?

hvor er toalettsakene mine?

• I washed the set of blue underwear

jeg vasket det blå undertøysettet

• I bought a lovely tea set

jeg kjøpte et flott teservise

• they're giving a set of lectures on Norway

de har en serie forelesninger om Norge

• this is a good set of drawing instruments

dette er bra tegneutstyr

• he has only one set of knife, fork and spoon

han har bare ett spisebestikk

• they have a set of questions for you

de har en rekke spørsmål til deg

• this is a nice set of teeth

dette er en fin tanngard

• he has a different set of values

han har andre verdier

• we met over a chess set

vi møttes over et sjakkspill

2) ( om bokverk) samtlige bind, verk

• the set was incomplete, as one volume was missing

verket var ufullstendig siden ett bind var borte

• the encyclopedia costs £850 the set

leksikonet koster 850 pund komplett

3) ( om mennesker) (omgangs)krets, gruppe, klikk

• he doesn't belong to our set

han hører ikke til vår omgangskrets

• they're a set of smugglers

de er en gjeng med smuglere

• that's a fine set of men

det er en statelig samling menn

4) apparat, anlegg

• don't leave the TV set on

ikke la TV-apparatet stå på

• that's a brand new hi-fi set

det er et helt nytt hi-fi-anlegg

5) ( om tidevann eller strøm) (bevegelses)retning

• do you know the set of the tide?

vet du tidevannets retning?

6) ( overført) innstilling, tendens, vridning

• the set of the public opinion isn't good

opinionens innstilling er ikke bra

• there's a set to the right

det er en vridning mot høyre

7) helling, måte

• I like the set of his head

jeg liker måten han holder hodet sitt på

8) plassering, stilling

9) form

• the set of the hills has always fascinated me

formen på bakkelandskapet har alltid fascinert meg

10) ( om tekstil) passform, fall

• I don't like the set of his coat

jeg syns ikke jakken hans sitter bra

11) ( poetisk) nedgang

• they met at the crossroads at the set of sun

de møttes ved korsveien ved solnedgang

12) ( sport) sett

13) ( om jakthund) stand

14) ( overført) angrep

15) gatestein, brostein

16) ( teater eller film) kulisse(r), dekorasjon

17) ( teater eller film) scene, innspillingsområde

18) ( hagebruk) stikling, avlegger, setteplante

19) (grevling)hi

20) ( om hår) legg

• I'd like a shampoo and set, please

jeg vil gjerne ha vask og legg, takk

21) ( matematikk) mengde, gruppe

22) ( i visse danser) tur(er)

23) ( bygg) finpuss

24) ( teknikk) stivning, herding

25) vikking (av en sag)

26) ( zoologi) rugeegg

27) ( typografi) trykksats, sett

empty set ( matematikk eller EDB) tom mengde

the fast set de forlystelsessyke, de som er med

have no set against anyone ikke ha noe imot noen

the jet set jetsettet

the literary set de litterære

make a dead set at gå løs på forsøke å legge an på

• the girl made a dead set at the young man

jenta forsøkte å legge an på den unge mannen

a set of furniture et møblement

set of wheels ( hverdagslig) bil, kjerre

the smart set de fine, fintfolk

theory of sets eller set theory ( matematikk) mengdelære

the whole set ( hverdagslig) hele gjengen, hele hurven

the young set ungdommen
II
verb ( set - set) \/set\/

1) sette (frem), stille, legge ut, sette ut

• could you set the chairs?

kan du sette frem stolene?

• they set guards

de satte ut vakter

• she set a trap

hun satte ut en felle

• she set the police on him

hun satte politiet på ham

2) dekke

• he's setting the table

han dekker bordet

3) ( om klokke) stille

• here we set our watches by the time signal

her stiller vi klokken etter tidssignalet

• I'll set the alarm clock for six o'clock

jeg skal stille vekkerklokken på seks

• he was setting (the hands of) the clock

han stilte en klokke

4) bestemme, fastsette

• we set a time for the meeting

vi fastsatte et tidspunkt for møtet

• that set the tone

det slo an tonen

• she sets the fashion

hun bestemmer moten

5) fremlegge (for), gi

• the teacher set them a problem

læreren fremla et problem for dem

• she set certain books to be read

hun satte sammen en bokliste

• I'll set the exam paper

jeg skal sette sammen eksamensoppgaven

6) få (i gang), sette (i gang)

• it set his heart beating faster

det fikk hjertet hans til å slå raskere

• I set the machine going

jeg satte i gang maskinen

• it set people laughing

det fikk folk til å le

• the news set me thinking

nyheten fikk meg til å tenke

7) ( om himmellegeme eller overført) gå ned, synke

• the sun sets at eight

solen går ned klokken åtte

• his star has set

hans stjerne har dalt

8) stivne, sette seg, tykne

• the jelly has not set yet

geleen har ikke stivnet ennå

• some kinds of concrete set quickly

noen typer betong stivner raskt

9) ( overført) befeste seg, sette seg, stivne

• his character has set

hans personlighet har befestet seg

10) ( om ansiktsuttrykk eller øyne) stivne, bli stram

• his eyes set

han ble stiv i blikket

• his face set

han ble stram i ansiktet

11) ( typografi) sette (sats)

• I set the page yesterday

jeg satte siden i går

12) (teater e.l.) legge til, foregå

• he set the scene in France

han la scenen til Frankrike

• the play is set in London

handlingen foregår i London

13) ( om hår) legge

• she had her hair set

hun fikk lagt håret

• did you set your hair on rollers?

la du opp håret på ruller?

14) montere, sette opp

• she was busy setting set butterflies

hun var opptatt med å sette opp sommerfugler på nåler

15) ( hagebruk) sette (ned), plante, så

• I set potatoes every year as a child

jeg satte poteter hvert år som barn

• we should set the hedge before we leave

vi burde plante hekken før vi drar

• don't set seeds here

ikke så frø her

16) ( hagebruk) (få til å) sette frukt

• this would help to set the tomatoes

dette vil få tomatene til å sette frukt

• a tree sets

et tre setter frukt

• fruit sets

frukt dannes

17) besette, innfatte

• it is set with jewels

den er besatt med juveler

• it's a stone set in gold

det er en stein innfattet i gull

• I bought glass panes set in lead

jeg kjøpte blyinnfattede glassvinduer

• he painted the sky set with stars

han malte en himmel overstrødd med stjerner

18) ( om musikk) tonesette, sette

• Sarah set new words to an old tune

Sarah satte ny tekst til en gammel melodi

19) (medisin, om ben eller ledd) sette på plass, reponere, sette i ledd, gro, vokse sammen

• the doctor set the broken bone

legen reponerte det brukne benet

• his bones will soon set

benene hans kommer snart til å gro

20) ( om sag) vikke

• I don't know how to set a saw

jeg vet ikke hvordan man vikker en sag

21) ( sjøfart) sette

22) få til å stivne, gjøre stiv

• cold sets jelly

kulde får gelé til å stivne

23) beregne, vurdere, estimere

• the losses were set at £50 a day

tapet ble beregnet til å være 50 pund per dag

24) (om tidevann, strøm, vind) gå, løpe, strømme, komme

• a strong current sets through the channel

en sterk strøm går gjennom kanalen

• the wind sets from the west

vinden kommer fra vest

• the current sets to the north

strømmen løper nordover

• the tide sets in

tidevannet setter inn

25) ( overført) svinge, dreie

• public opinion is setting against the proposal

opinionen går imot forslaget

• public opinion has set in his favour

opinionen har svingt til hans fordel

26) ( om klær) sitte

• the suit sets well

dressen sitter godt

27) ( om jakthund) få stand, ta stand

28) ( om dans) figurere

• he set to his partner

han figurerte mot partneren sin

29) ( i veving) fiksere

set about gå i gang med, begynne (på)

• I should set about the paper now

jeg burde gå i gang med oppgaven nå

• please set about (in) the right way

vær så snill å begynne på riktig måte

(britisk, hverdagslig) gå løs på, fare løs på spre, sette i gang

• did you set the rumour about?

var det du som spredte ryktet?

set about doing something begynne å gjøre noe

set about it bære seg at

set about something gripe noe an, gå i gang med noe

• I don't know how to set about it

jeg vet ikke hvordan jeg skal gripe det an

set against veie (opp) mot, sette (opp) mot

• the advantages must be set against the disadvantages

fordelene må veies opp mot ulempene

sette opp mot, gjøre fiendtlig innstilt mot

• everyone was set against him

alle var satt opp mot ham

set a good example være et godt eksempel

set a hen plassere en høne på egg

set apart sette til side, reservere, legge av

set apart from skille fra, se forskjell på

set a price on something prissette noe

• you cannot set a price on friendship

du kan ikke sette en pris på vennskap

set aside legge til side, sette av, spare

• my mother set aside part of her income

moren min sparte en del av inntekten sin

se bort ifra

• setting aside his age, you're perfect for each other

bortsett fra alderen hans er dere perfekte for hverandre

avvise, forkaste

• you cannot set aside that offer

du kan ikke avvise det tilbudet

( jus) omstøte, tilsidesette, oppheve

• they are trying to set aside the will

de prøver å omstøte testamentet

• the judge set aside the verdict of the jury

dommeren opphevet juryens kjennelse

set at angripe

set at large frigi, sette på frifot

set at work sette i arbeid sette i gang

set back sette en stopper for, stoppe forsinke, sinke

• it set us back two hours

det sinket oss med to timer

skru tilbake, sette tilbake, stille tilbake

• they set (the hands of) the clock back yesterday

de skrudde klokken tilbake i går

legge bakover

• the horse set back its ears

hesten la ørene sine bakover

( hverdagslig) koste

• it set me back $50

det kostet meg 50 dollar

plassere vekk fra

• the house is well set back from the road

huset ligger et godt stykke fra veien

set before legge frem for, forelegge sette frem foran, sette frem til

• she set wine before the guests

hun satte frem vin til gjestene

set before oneself gjøre til sin oppgave

set down sette ned

• just set down that heavy bag

bare sett ned den tunge vesken

sette av, slippe av

• I'll set you down at the corner

jeg slipper deg av på hjørnet

skrive ned, skrive opp, notere sette (opp), føre (opp)

• set it down to my account

sett det på min regning

• we'll set down rules before we start

vi kommer til å sette opp regler før vi starter

• I can set it down in black and white for you

jeg kan gi deg det svart på hvitt anse, betrakte, ta

• I set him down for a thief

jeg tok ham for å være en tyv

• he set himself down as an author

han betegnet seg selv som en forfatter

( overført) sette på plass

set down as anse som, betrakte som

set down in writing skrive ned

set down to tilskrive, skylde på, forklare med

• he set down the failure to bad planning

han forklarte fiaskoen med dårlig planlegging

set eggs plassere egg under en høne

set forth legge frem, fremstille, skildre

• she set forth the theory at the conference

hun la frem teorien på konferansen

sende ut, offentliggjøre, kunngjøre gi seg i vei, legge ut, dra ut, reise

• two women set forth on a journey

to kvinner la ut på en reise

• they set forth against the enemy

de dro ut mot fienden

set forth for reise til

set forward ( om visere på klokke) stille frem, skru frem

• remember to set (the hands of) the clock forward

husk å stille frem klokken

sette frem, flytte frem legge frem, anføre, foregi

• he set forward his views

han la frem sine synspunkter

fremme, hjelpe frem ( gammeldags) gi seg i vei, legge ut, dra ut, reise

set free sette fri, slippe ut frigjøre

set in begynne (for alvor), falle på, sette inn

• the rainy season has set in

regntiden har begynt for alvor

• it set in to rain

det begynte å regne

• darkness set in

mørket falt på

( om tidevann) sette inn

set off gi seg i vei, gi seg ut, reise

• he's setting off on a trip

han gir seg ut på en reise

• we must set off early

vi må gi oss i vei tidlig

sette i vei, løpe avgårde

• she set off after the thief

hun satte i vei etter tyven

avfyre, få til å eksplodere, fremkalle

• don't set off the rocket

ikke avfyr raketten

• the explosion was set off by a spark

eksplosjonen ble fremkalt av en gnist

sette i gang, starte, utløse, lede inn på

• that set off a chain reaction

det satte i gang en kjedereaksjon

• this set him off on his favourite subject

dette ledet ham inn på hans favorittemne fremheve, forhøye, pryde

• the white dress set off her suntan

den hvite kjolen fremhevet brunfargen hennes oppveie, kompensere, utligne

skille (ut), skille fra

• you set off a clause by a comma

du skiller ut en leddsetning med komma

reservere, sette av

• she set off a portion of the property

hun satte av en del av eiendommen

set off running begynne å løpe

set on overfalle, kaste seg over

• I was set on by a dog

jeg ble overfalt av en hund

egge, anspore, jage

• he set his dog on me

han pusset hunden på meg

• she set Jane on to break the window

hun egget Jane til å knuse vinduet rykke frem, avansere

sette til

set oneself against eller set one's face against bestemt sette seg imot

set oneself forward fremheve seg selv

set oneself to do something sette i gang med å gjøre noe bestemme seg for å gjøre noe

set oneself up against sette seg opp mot

set one's hand to something skrive under på noe

• she set her hand to the document

hun skrev under på dokumentet

sette i gang med noe

• he set his hand to a task

han gikk i gang med en oppgave

set one's mind on sette seg i hodet, absolutt ville ha, være fast bestemt på

• he has set his mind on (having) a bicycle

han vil absolutt ha en sykkel

• she has set her mind on going there

hun er fast bestemt på å dra dit

set out gi seg i vei, dra ut, reise

• Peter and James set out on a journey

Peter og James gav seg i vei på en reise

• they set out at dawn

de dro ut ved daggry

begynne (sin virksomhet)

• Lisa set out in business four years ago

Lisa begynte i forretningslivet for fire år siden

• I set out in life with optimism

jeg gikk ut i livet med optimisme

• he had not much to set out on

han hadde ikke mye å begynne med

legge frem, fremføre, skildre

• she set out her reasons

hun la frem sine grunner

legge frem, vise frem, stille ut

• people set out merchandise

folk stilte ut handelsvarer

sette ut, plassere (ut), sette frem stake ut ( om tidevann) avta

set out for reise til

set out from dra (ut) fra, utgå fra

set out to gå i gang med, sette seg fore

• they set out to reform the system

de satte seg fore å reformere systemet

set right avhjelpe

set sail sette seil

set somebody off få noen til å

• it set everybody off laughing

det fikk alle til å le

set somebody over others sette noen over andre, sette noen til å overvåke andre

set somebody to sette noen til, sette noen på

• she set him to the job

hun satte ham på jobben

set something going sette i gang noe

set something in order få orden i noe, fikse noe

set something off against gå opp i opp med, balansere med

set something to (music) sette musikk til noe, tonesette noe

set the ball rolling ( overført) dra i gang noe, begynne med noe få samtalen i gang

set the fox to keep the geese se ➢ fox, 1

set to sette i gang for fullt

• they set to and soon finished the job

de satte i gang for fullt og var snart ferdig med jobben

hugge innpå maten, kaste seg over maten

• they were hungry and at once set to

de var sultne og kastet seg over maten med en gang

sette i gang med å slåss

set together sette sammen

set to work skride til verket, sette i gang sette i gang med å arbeide

set up sette opp, reise, oppføre

• my family set up a fence

familien min satte opp et gjerde

• could you set up the ladder?

kunne du reise stigen?

• they set up a building

de oppførte en bygning

• I saw them set up the tent

jeg så dem slå opp teltet

rigge opp, montere

• my grandma set up her loom

bestemor rigget opp veven sin

• she set up the machine

hun monterte maskinen

gjøre klar, klargjøre heise

• at nine they set up the flag

klokken ni heiser de flagget

opprette, etablere, anlegge

• the family set up a business in town

familien etablerte en forretning i byen

innføre

• the government set up a new system

regjeringen innførte et nytt system

utnevne

• first we should set up a committee

først må vi utnevne en komité fremkalle, forårsake, volde

• being cold may set up an irritation

det å være kald kan fremkalle en irritasjon utstøte, sette i

• he set up a yell

han utstøtte et hyl

• she set up a laugh

hun satte i en latter

• they set up a protest

de protesterte høylytt

gjøre frisk, få på beina

• the sea air will soon set you up again

snart kommer sjøluften til å gjøre deg frisk igjen

( typografi) sette

• the typographer set up an article

typografen satte en artikkel

(hjelpe til å) etablere seg

• she set (herself) up as a doctor

hun etablerte seg som lege

• he set his son up as a bookseller

han hjalp sin sønn å etablere seg som bokhandler bygge, sette opp

(spesielt amer., hverdagslig) sette en felle for

set up a defence ( overført) gå i forsvarsposisjon, forsvare seg

set up a record sette rekord

set up for oneself starte sitt eget, begynne for seg selv

set up house begynne egen husholdning, etablere seg

set upon overfalle, kaste seg over egge, hisse, jage rykke frem, avansere

set up shop åpne forretning

set up the standard of revolt ( overført) heise opprørsfanen

set up to be eller set oneself up as gi seg ut for

• he set himself up as a judge of taste

han opphøyde seg til smaksdommer

set up (in) type ( typografi) sette

be (well) set up with eller (be) (well) set up være velutstyrt med

the stage is set for eller the scene is set for ( overført) alt er klart for, alt er lagt til rette for, det er duket for
III
adj. \/set\/

1) fast(satt), bestemt

• their wages are set

lønnen deres er fast

• is this the set price?

er dette den fastsatte prisen?

• the date is set

datoen er fastsatt

• he follows a set pattern

han følger et bestemt mønster

• she follows set rules

hun følger bestemte regler

2) stiv(net), stereotyp, ubevegelig

• she had a set smile

hun hadde et stivt smil

• did you notice his set look?

la du merke til hans ubevegelige ansiktsuttrykk?

3) bestemt, fast, ubevegelig

• he is a man of set opinions

han er en mann med meget bestemte meninger

• she has become set in a fixed mould

(overført) hun har stivnet i en viss form

4) beliggende, som ligger

• he's from the town set on the hill

han er fra byen som ligger på åsen

5) ( hverdagslig) klar, ferdig

all set alt (er klappet og) klart

• are we all set?

er vi klare?

at a set time på et bestemt tidspunkt

be set in one's way være lite fleksibel, ha inngrodde vaner, ha faste vaner

• he is very set in his ways

han har meget faste vaner

be (dead) set (up)on something ( hverdagslig) være oppsatt på noe

• he is dead set on having the job

han er oppsatt på å få jobben

( hverdagslig) ha slått inn på

• he is dead set on a dangerous course

han har slått inn på en farlig vei

get set! ( sport) (klar) ferdig!

• on your marks! get ready! get set! go!

innta plassene! klar! ferdig! gå!

in (good) set terms i klare ord, utvetydig

set fair (britisk, om vær) pent (uten tegn til å slå om)

a set speech en på forhånd utarbeidet tale en typisk tale

English-Norwegian dictionary > set
17 cross

[kros] I adjective
(angry: I get very cross when I lose something.) jezen

- crossly
II 1. plural - crosses; noun
1) (a symbol formed by two lines placed across each other, eg + or x.) križ

2) (two wooden beams placed thus (+), on which Christ was nailed.) križ

3) (the symbol of the Christian religion.) križ

4) (a lasting cause of suffering etc: Your rheumatism is a cross you will have to bear.) križ

5) (the result of breeding two varieties of animal or plant: This dog is a cross between an alsatian and a labrador.) križanec

6) (a monument in the shape of a cross.) križ

7) (any of several types of medal given for bravery etc: the Victoria Cross.) križec
2. verb
1) (to go from one side to the other: Let's cross (the street); This road crosses the swamp.) prečkati

2) ((negative uncross) to place (two things) across each other: He sat down and crossed his legs.) (pre)križati

3) (to go or be placed across (each other): The roads cross in the centre of town.) križati se

4) (to meet and pass: Our letters must have crossed in the post.) križati se

5) (to put a line across: Cross your `t's'.) prečrtati

6) (to make (a cheque or postal order) payable only through a bank by drawing two parallel lines across it.) barirati

7) (to breed (something) from two different varieties: I've crossed two varieties of rose.) križati

8) (to go against the wishes of: If you cross me, you'll regret it!) nasprotovati

•

- cross-
- crossing
- crossbow
- cross-breed
- cross-bred
- crosscheck 3. noun
(the act of crosschecking.) navzkrižno preverjanje

- cross-country
- cross-country skiing
- cross-examine
- cross-examination
- cross-eyed
- cross-fire
- at cross-purposes
- cross-refer
- cross-reference
- crossroads
- cross-section
- crossword puzzle
- crossword
- cross one's fingers
- cross out
* * *
I [krɔs]
noun

križ, križec; križanje; krščanstvo; biology križanec; figuratively trpljenje, težava, nesreča; slang prevara; slang ( between) kompromis

each must bear one's own cross — vsakdo ima svoje težave

on the cross — prečno, počez; figuratively nepošteno

to make the sign of the cross — prekrižati se

to make one's cross — narediti križ (namesto podpisa)

no cross no crown — brez dela ni jela

Red Cross — Rdeči križ
II [krɔs]
adjective

počezen, prečen; nasproten (veter); neugoden; colloquially siten, čemeren, slabe volje; ( with na) jezen, hud; slang nepošten; nepošteno pridobljen

as cross as two sticks ( —ali a bear, a Devil) — skrajno slabe volje

to be ( —ali play) at cross purposes — napak razumeti

cross questions and crooked answers — namenoma nejasni odgovori

cross reference — sklicevanje na drugo mesto v isti knjigi
III [krɔs]
adverb

poprek, postrani; figuratively narobe
IV [krɔs]
1.

transitive verb

križati; prekrižati, narediti znak križa; prečrtati; figuratively preprečiti; onemogočiti, pokvariti komu račune; prečkati; prepeljati; zajahati (konja);

2.

intransitive verb

poprek ležati; križati se; preiti; prepeljati se; srečati se

to be crossed in love — biti nesrečno zaljubljen

to cross the cudgels — vdati se

it crossed my mind — domislil sem se

to cross the palm — podkupiti, dati napitnino

figuratively to dot the i's and cross the t's — jasno se izražati; nadrobnosti navesti; loviti pičice na i

to cross s.o.'s hand with a piece of money — stisniti komu denar v roko

to cross the Styx — umreti

to cross the floor — prestopiti k drugi stranki

to cross the path of s.o. — srečati koga; figuratively zastaviti komu pot

English-Slovenian dictionary > cross
18 use

1.
[ju:s] noun

1) Gebrauch, der; (of dictionary, calculator, room) Benutzung, die; (of word, expression; of pesticide, garlic, herb, spice) Verwendung, die; (of name, title) Führung, die; (of alcohol, drugs) Konsum, der

the use of brutal means/methods — die Anwendung brutaler Mittel/Methoden

the use of troops/teargas/violence — der Einsatz von Truppen/Tränengas/die Gewaltanwendung

constant/rough use — dauernder Gebrauch/schlechte Behandlung

[not] be in use — [nicht] in Gebrauch sein

be no longer in use — nicht mehr verwendet werden

be in daily etc. use — täglich usw. in Gebrauch od. Benutzung sein

come into use — in Gebrauch kommen

go/fall out of use — außer Gebrauch kommen

instructions/directions for use — Gebrauchsanweisung, die

ready for [immediate] use — [sofort] gebrauchsfertig

batteries for use in or with watches — Batterien [speziell] für Armbanduhren

a course for use in schools — ein Kurs für die Schule od. zur Verwendung im Schulunterricht

for the use of somebody — für jemanden

for personal/private use — für den persönlichen Gebrauch/den Privatgebrauch

for external use only — nur zur äußerlichen Anwendung

for use in an emergency/only in case of fire — für den Notfall/nur bei Feuer zu benutzen

with use — durch den Gebrauch

with careful etc. use — bei sorgsamer usw. Behandlung

make use of somebody/something — jemanden/etwas gebrauchen/(exploit) ausnutzen

make the best use of something/it — das Beste aus etwas/daraus machen

make good use of, turn or put to good use — gut nutzen [Zeit, Talent, Geld]

put something to use — etwas verwenden

2) (utility, usefulness) Nutzen, der

these tools/clothes will be of use to somebody — dieses Werkzeug wird/diese Kleider werden für jemanden von Nutzen sein

is it of [any] use? — ist das [irgendwie] zu gebrauchen od. von Nutzen?

can I be of any use to you? — kann ich dir irgendwie helfen?

be [of] no use [to somebody] — [jemandem] nichts nützen

he is [of] no use in a crisis/as a manager — er ist in einer Krise/als Manager zu nichts nütze od. (ugs.) nicht zu gebrauchen

it's no use [doing that] — es hat keinen Zweck od. Sinn[, das zu tun]

you're/that's a fat lot of use — (coll. iron.) du bist ja eine schöne Hilfe/davon haben wir aber was (ugs. iron.)

what's the use of that/of doing that? — was nützt das/was nützt es, das zu tun?

what's the use? — was nützt es?

oh well, what's the use! — ach, was soll's schon! (ugs.)

3) (purpose) Verwendung, die; Verwendungszweck, der

have its/one's uses — seinen Nutzen haben

have/find a use for something/somebody — für etwas/jemanden Verwendung haben/finden

have no/not much use for something/somebody — etwas/jemanden nicht/kaum brauchen

put something to a good/a new use — etwas sinnvoll/auf neu[artig]e Weise verwenden

4) (right or power of using)

have the use of something — etwas benutzen können

[have the] use of kitchen and bathroom — Küchen- und Badbenutzung [haben]

let somebody have or give somebody the use of something — jemanden etwas benutzen lassen
2.
[ju:z] transitive verb

1) benutzen; nutzen [Gelegenheit]; anwenden [Gewalt]; einsetzen [Tränengas, Wasserwerfer]; in Anspruch nehmen [Firma, Agentur, Agenten, Dienstleistung]; nutzen [Zeit, Gelegenheit, Talent, Erfahrung]; führen [Namen, Titel]

do you know how to use this tool? — kannst du mit diesem Werkzeug umgehen?

anything you say may be used in evidence — was Sie sagen, kann vor Gericht verwendet werden

use somebody's name [as a reference] — sich [als Empfehlung] auf jemanden berufen

I could use the money/a drink — (coll.) ich könnte das Geld brauchen/einen Drink vertragen (ugs.)

use one's time to do something — seine Zeit dazu nutzen, etwas zu tun

2) (consume as material) verwenden

use gas/oil for heating — mit Gas/Öl heizen

the camera uses 35 mm film — für die Kamera braucht man einen 35-mm-Film

‘use sparingly’ — "sparsam verwenden!"

3) (take habitually)

use drugs/heroin — etc. Drogen/Heroin usw. nehmen

4) (employ in speaking or writing) benutzen; gebrauchen; verwenden

use strong language — Kraftausdrücke gebrauchen

5) (exercise, apply) Gebrauch machen von [Autorität, Einfluss, Können, Menschenverstand]

use diplomacy/tact [in one's dealings etc. with somebody] — [bei jemandem] diplomatisch vorgehen/[zu jemandem] taktvoll sein

he used all his strength — er wandte seine ganze Kraft auf

use a method/tactics — eine Methode anwenden/nach einer [bestimmten] Taktik vorgehen

6) (take advantage of)

use somebody — jemanden ausnutzen

7) (treat) behandeln

use somebody/something well/badly — jemanden/etwas gut/schlecht behandeln

8)

used to — (formerly)

I used to live in London/work in a factory — früher habe ich in London gelebt/in einer Fabrik gearbeitet

he used to be very shy — er war früher sehr schüchtern

my mother always used to say... — meine Mutter hat immer gesagt od. pflegte zu sagen...

this used to be my room — das war [früher] mein Zimmer

things aren't what they used to be — es ist nichts mehr so wie früher

he smokes much more than he used to — er raucht viel mehr als früher

I used not or I did not use — or (coll.)

I didn't use or (coll.) I use[d]n't to smoke — früher habe ich nicht geraucht

Phrasal Verbs:

- academic.ru/93389/use_up">use up

* * *
I [ju:z] verb
1) (to employ (something) for a purpose: What did you use to open the can?; Use your common sense!) benutzen

2) (to consume: We're using far too much electricity.) verbrauchen

•

- usable
- used
- user
- user-friendly
- user guide
- be used to something
- be used to
- used to II [ju:s]
1) (the act of using or state of being used: The use of force to persuade workers to join a strike cannot be justified; This telephone number is for use in emergencies.) der Gebrauch

2) (the/a purpose for which something may be used: This little knife has plenty of uses; I have no further use for these clothes.) die Verwendbarkeit

3) ((often in questions or with negatives) value or advantage: Is this coat (of) any use to you?; It's no use offering to help when it's too late.) der Nutzen

4) (the power of using: She lost the use of her right arm as a result of the accident.) die Fähigkeit(etwas)zu gebrauchen

5) (permission, or the right, to use: They let us have the use of their car while they were away.) das Benutzungsrecht

•

- useful
- usefulness
- usefully
- useless
- be in use
- out of use
- come in useful
- have no use for
- it's no use
- make good use of
- make use of
- put to good use
- put to use
* * *

use

I. vt

[ju:z]

1. (make use of, utilize)

▪ to \use sth etw benutzen; building, one's skills, training, talent etw nutzen; method etw anwenden

this glass has been \used dieses Glas ist schon benutzt

I could \use some help ich könnte etwas Hilfe gebrauchen

I could \use a drink now ich könnte jetzt einen Drink vertragen fam

this table could \use a wipe diesen Tisch könnte man auch mal wieder abwischen

these lights are \used for illuminating the playing area mit diesen Lichtern wird die Spielfläche beleuchtet

what perfume do you \use? welches Parfüm nimmst du?

what shampoo do you \use? welches Shampoo benutzt du?

I've got to \use the toilet ich muss auf die Toilette

to \use alcohol Alkohol trinken

to \use one's brains seinen Verstand benutzen

to \use a chance eine Gelegenheit nutzen

to \use a dictionary ein Wörterbuch verwenden

to \use drugs Drogen nehmen

to \use military force against sb Militärgewalt gegen jdn einsetzen

to \use an idea eine Idee verwenden

to \use logic logisch denken

to \use one's money to do sth sein Geld dazu verwenden, etw zu tun

to \use sb's name jds Name verwenden; (as reference) sich akk auf jdn berufen

she \uses the name Mary Punk sie nennt sich Mary Punk

to \use poison gas/truncheons/chemical warfare Giftgas/Schlagstöcke/chemische Waffen einsetzen

to \use a pseudonym ein Pseudonym benutzen

to \use service eine Dienstleistung in Anspruch nehmen

to \use swear words fluchen

to \use one's time to do sth seine Zeit dazu nutzen, etw zu tun

you should \use your free time more constructively du solltest deine freie Zeit sinnvoller nutzen!

to \use violence Gewalt anwenden

▪ to \use sth to do sth etw benutzen [o verwenden], um etw zu tun

\use scissors to cut the shapes out schneiden Sie die Formen mit einer Schere aus

you can \use this brush to apply the paint du kannst die Farbe mit diesem Pinsel auftragen

2. (employ)

▪ to \use sth:

\use your head [or BRIT also loaf] jetzt schalt doch mal dein Hirn ein! sl

\use your imagination! lass doch mal deine Fantasie spielen!

to \use common sense seinen gesunden Menschenverstand benutzen

to \use discretion/tact diskret/taktvoll sein

3. (get through, consume)

▪ to \use sth etw verbrauchen

we've \used nearly all the bread wir haben fast kein Brot mehr

what do you \use for heating? womit heizen Sie?

there's no more paper after this is \used wenn wir dieses Papier aufgebraucht haben, ist keines mehr da

this radio \uses 1.5 volt batteries für dieses Radio braucht man 1,5 Volt Batterien

to \use energy Energie verbrauchen

4. ( usu pej: manipulate, impose upon)

▪ to \use sb jdn benutzen; (exploit)

▪ to \use sb/sth jdn/etw ausnutzen

5. ( form: treat in stated way)

to \use sb badly/well jdn schlecht/gut behandeln

he's \used her despicably er hat ihr übel mitgespielt

II. n

[ju:s]

1. (application, employment) Verwendung f ( for für + akk); of dictionary also Benutzung f; of labour Einsatz m; of leftovers Verwertung f; of talent, experience Nutzung m

don't throw that away, you'll find a \use for it one day wirf das nicht weg — eines Tages wirst du es schon noch irgendwie verwenden können

a food processor has a variety of \uses in the kitchen eine Küchenmaschine kann man auf ganz unterschiedliche Weise in der Küche einsetzen

they've called for further restrictions on the \use of leaded petrol sie forderten weitere Einschränkungen für die Verwendung von verbleitem Benzin

she lost the \use of her fingers in the accident seit dem Unfall kann sie ihre Finger nicht mehr benutzen

the \use of alcohol/drugs der Alkohol-/Drogenkonsum

by the \use of deception durch Täuschung

directions for \use Gebrauchsanweisung f

for \use in an emergency für den Notfall

for \use in case of fire bei Feuer

the \use of force/a particular method die Anwendung von Gewalt/einer bestimmten Methode

the correct \use of language der korrekte Sprachgebrauch

the \use of poison gas/truncheons/chemical warfare der Einsatz von Tränengas/Schlagstöcken/chemischen Waffen

to be in daily \use täglich verwendet werden

for external \use only nur zur äußerlichen Anwendung

to be no longer in \use nicht mehr benutzt werden

ready for \use gebrauchsfertig; machine einsatzbereit

for private \use only nur für den Privatgebrauch

to come into \use in Gebrauch kommen

to find a \use for sth für etw akk Verwendung finden

to go [or fall] out of \use nicht mehr benutzt werden

to have no [further] \use for sth keine Verwendung [mehr] für etw akk haben

do you have any \use for these old notes? kannst du diese alten Unterlagen irgendwie verwenden?

to make \use of sth etw benutzen [o ÖSTERR a. benützen]; experience, talent etw nutzen; leftovers etw verwenden; connections von etw dat Gebrauch machen

can you make \use of that? kannst du das gebrauchen?

to put sth to \use etw verwenden

to be able to put sth to good \use etw gut verwenden können

to be able to put one's experience to good \use seine Erfahrung gut einbringen können

in/out of \use in/außer Gebrauch

2. (consumption) Verwendung f

building a dam would be a \use of financial resources which this country cannot afford für einen Dammbau würde dieses Land Gelder verwenden müssen, die es nicht aufbringen kann

3. (usefulness) Nutzen m

is this of any \use at all? nützt das vielleicht was? fam

can I be of any \use? kann ich vielleicht irgendwie behilflich sein?

what's the \use of shouting? was bringt es denn herumzuschreien?

there's no \use complaining Herumjammern bringt auch nichts fam

what \use is praying? wozu soll das Beten nutzen?

it has its \uses das kann auch nützlich sein

he's no \use as an editor als Redakteur ist er nicht zu gebrauchen

what's the \use was soll's! fam; ( pej fam)

that's a fat lot of \use da haben wir ja auch was von! iron fam

to be no \use keine Hilfe sein

to be no/not much \use to sb jdm nichts/nicht viel nützen

▪ to be of \use to sb für jdn von Nutzen [o nützlich] sein

is this of any \use to you? kannst du das vielleicht gebrauchen?

▪ it's no \use [doing sth] es hat keinen Zweck[, etw zu tun]

it's no \use — I just can't stand the man es hilft alles nichts — ich kann den Mann einfach nicht ausstehen!

it's no \use trying to escape — no one has ever got away before wir brauchen erst gar nicht versuchen auszubrechen — das hat bisher noch keiner geschafft!

4. (right)

to have the \use of sth bathroom, car etw benutzen [o ÖSTERR a. benützen] dürfen

to give sb [or let sb have] the \use of sth jdn etw benutzen [o ÖSTERR a. benützen] lassen

5. (custom) Brauch m

6. (out of order)

▪ to be out of [or AM, AUS usu not in] \use nicht funktionieren

the escalator is out of \use der Aufzug ist außer Betrieb

7. REL Ritual nt

8. LAW ( old) Nießbrauch m fachspr

* * *
I [juːz]
1. vt

1) (= utilize) benutzen; dictionary, means, tools, object, materials verwenden, benutzen; sb's suggestion, idea verwenden; word, literary style gebrauchen, verwenden, benutzen; swear words gebrauchen, benutzen; brains, intelligence gebrauchen; method, system, technique, therapy, force, trickery anwenden; one's abilities, powers of persuasion, one's strength aufwenden, anwenden; tact, care walten lassen; drugs einnehmen

use only in emergencies — nur im Notfall gebrauchen or benutzen

I have to use the toilet before I go —

what's this used for? — wofür wird das benutzt or gebraucht?

to use sth for sth —

he used it as a spoon the police used truncheons — er hat es als Löffel benutzt or verwendet die Polizei setzte Schlagstöcke ein, die Polizei benutzte or gebrauchte Schlagstöcke

what did you use the money for? — wofür haben Sie das Geld benutzt or verwendet or gebraucht?

the money is to be used to set up a trust —

what toothpaste do you use? — welche Zahnpasta benutzen or verwenden Sie?

what sort of fuel do you use? — welchen Treibstoff verwenden Sie?, mit welchem Treibstoff fahren Sie?

what sort of fuel does this rocket use? — welcher Treibstoff wird für diese Rakete verwendet?

ointment to be used sparingly — Salbe nur sparsam verwenden or anwenden

why don't you use a hammer? — warum nehmen Sie nicht einen Hammer dazu?, warum benutzen or verwenden Sie nicht einen Hammer dazu?

to use sb's name — jds Namen verwenden or benutzen; (as reference) jds Namen angeben, sich auf jdn berufen

use your imagination! — zeig mal ein bisschen Fantasie or Phantasie!

we can use the extra staff to do this — dafür können wir das übrige Personal einsetzen or verwenden

I'll have to use some of your men — ich brauche ein paar Ihrer Leute

2) (= make use of, exploit) information, one's training, talents, resources, chances, opportunity (aus)nutzen, (aus)nützen (S Ger); advantage nutzen; waste products nutzen, verwerten

not used to capacity — nicht voll genutzt

you can use the leftovers to make a soup —

you should use your free time for something creative — Sie sollten Ihre Freizeit für etwas Schöpferisches nutzen or gebrauchen

3) (inf)

I could use a new pair of shoes — ich könnte ein neues Paar Schuhe (ge)brauchen

I could use a drink — ich könnte etwas zu trinken (ge)brauchen or vertragen (inf)

it could use a coat of paint — das könnte ein bisschen Farbe vertragen

4) (= use up, consume) verbrauchen

this car uses too much petrol — dieses Auto verbraucht zu viel Benzin

have you used all the ink? — haben Sie die Tinte aufgebraucht (inf) or die ganze Tinte verbraucht?

5) (obs, liter: treat) behandeln

she was ill used — ihr ist übel mitgespielt worden

how has the world been using you? (not obs, liter) — wie gehts, wie stehts?

6) (pej: exploit) ausnutzen

I feel ( I've just been) used — ich habe das Gefühl, man hat mich ausgenutzt; (sexually) ich komme mir missbraucht vor

2. n
[juːs]
1) (= employment) Verwendung f; (of materials, tools, means, dictionary) Benutzung f, Verwendung f; (= operation of machines etc) Benutzung f; (= working with of dictionary, calculator etc) Gebrauch m; (of word, style) Gebrauch m, Verwendung f; (of swearwords, arms, intelligence) Gebrauch m; (of method, system, technique, force, powers of persuasion) Anwendung f; (of personnel, truncheons etc) Verwendung f, Einsatz m; (of drugs) Einnahme f

once you've mastered the use of the clutch — wenn Sie erst einmal den Gebrauch der Kupplung beherrschen

the use of a calculator to solve... — die Verwendung eines Rechners, um... zu lösen

directions for use — Gebrauchsanweisung f

for the use of — für

for use in case of emergency — für Notfälle

for external use —

it's for use not ornament — es ist ein Gebrauchsgegenstand und nicht zur Zierde

ready for use — gebrauchsfertig; machine einsatzbereit

to improve with use — sich mit der Zeit bessern

worn with use — abgenutzt

to make use of sth — von etw Gebrauch machen, etw benutzen

can you make use of that? — können Sie das brauchen?

in use/out of use — in or im/außer Gebrauch; machines also in/außer Betrieb

to be in daily use/no longer in use — täglich/nicht mehr benutzt or verwendet or gebraucht werden

to come into use — in Gebrauch kommen

to go or fall out of use — nicht mehr benutzt or verwendet or gebraucht werden

2) (= exploitation, making use of) Nutzung f; (of waste products, leftovers etc) Verwertung f

to make use of sth — etw nutzen

to put sth to use — etw benutzen

to put sth to good use — etw gut nutzen

to make good/bad use of sth — etw gut/schlecht nutzen

3) (= way of using) Verwendung f

to learn the use of sth — lernen, wie etw verwendet or benutzt or gebraucht wird

it has many uses — es ist vielseitig verwendbar

to find a use for sth — für etw Verwendung finden

to have no use for (lit, fig) — nicht gebrauchen können, keine Verwendung haben für

to have no further use for sb/sth — keine Verwendung mehr haben für jdn/etw, jdn/etw nicht mehr brauchen

4) (= usefulness) Nutzen m

to be of use to sb — für jdn von Nutzen sein or nützlich sein

this is no use any more — das taugt nichts mehr, das ist zu nichts mehr zu gebrauchen

does it have a use in our society? — ist es für unsere Gesellschaft von Nutzen?

is this (of) any use to you? — können Sie das brauchen?, können Sie damit was anfangen?

he/it has his/its uses — er/das ist ganz nützlich

you're no use to me if you can't spell — du nützt mir nichts, wenn du keine Rechtschreibung kannst

he's no use as a goalkeeper — er taugt nicht als Torhüter, er ist als Torhüter nicht zu gebrauchen

can I be of any use? — kann ich irgendwie behilflich sein?

a (fat) lot of use that will be to you! (iro inf) — da hast du aber was davon

this is no use, we must start work — so hat das keinen Zweck or Sinn, wir müssen etwas tun

it's no use you or your protesting — es hat keinen Sinn or es nützt nichts, wenn du protestierst

what's the use of telling him? — was nützt es, wenn man es ihm sagt?

what's the use in trying/going? — wozu überhaupt versuchen/gehen?

it's no use — es hat keinen Zweck

ah, what's the use! — ach, was solls!

5) (= right) Nutznießung f (JUR)

to have the use of the gardens — die Gartenanlagen benutzen können

to have the use of a car — ein Auto zur Verfügung haben

to give sb the use of sth — jdn etw benutzen lassen; of car also, of money jdm etw zur Verfügung stellen

to have lost the use of one's arm — seinen Arm nicht mehr gebrauchen or benutzen können

to have the full use of one's faculties — im Vollbesitz seiner (geistigen und körperlichen) Kräfte sein

have you lost the use of your legs? (hum) — hast du das Gehen verlernt?

6) (= custom) Brauch m, Usus m (geh)

7) (ECCL) Brauch m

in the Roman use — nach römisch-katholischem Brauch
II [juːs]
vb aux

See:

→ used

* * *

use [juːz]

A v/t

1. gebrauchen, benutzen, an-, verwenden, sich (gen) bedienen, Gebrauch machen von, eine Gelegenheit etc nutzen oder sich zunutze machen:

use one’s brains den Verstand gebrauchen, seinen Kopf anstrengen;

use care Sorgfalt verwenden;

use force Gewalt anwenden;

use one’s legs zu Fuß gehen;

may I use your name? darf ich mich auf Sie berufen?;

use a right von einem Recht Gebrauch machen;

anything you say may be used against you JUR alles, was Sie sagen, kann gegen Sie verwendet werden

2. ein Gerät etc handhaben

3. verwenden (on auf akk)

4. use up

a) auf-, verbrauchen, jemandes Kraft erschöpfen,

b) umg jemanden fertigmachen, erschöpfen: → used¹ 2

5. a) besonders US gewohnheitsmäßig zu sich nehmen:

use drugs Drogen nehmen;

use tobacco rauchen

b) brauchen:

my car uses too much oil

6. behandeln, verfahren mit:

use sb ill jemanden schlecht behandeln;

how has the world used you? umg wie ist es dir ergangen?

7. pej jemanden benutzen, auch eine Situation etc ausnutzen

8. Zeit verbringen

B v/i obs (außer im prät) pflegen ( to do zu tun):

it used to be said that … man pflegte zu sagen, dass …;

he does not come as often as he used to er kommt nicht mehr so oft wie früher oder sonst;

he used to be a polite man er war früher oder sonst (immer) sehr höflich;

he used to live here er wohnte früher hier;

she used to astonish me with … sie überraschte mich immer wieder mit …;

I used to smoke ich hab früher oder einmal geraucht;

did you really use to smoke? hast du früher wirklich geraucht?

C s [juːs]

1. Gebrauch m, Benutzung f, An-, Verwendung f:

for use zum Gebrauch;

for use in schools für den Schulgebrauch;

in use in Gebrauch, gebräuchlich;

be in daily use täglich gebraucht werden;

be in common use allgemein gebräuchlich sein;

come into use in Gebrauch kommen;

out of use nicht in Gebrauch, nicht mehr gebräuchlich;

fall ( oder pass) out of use ungebräuchlich werden, außer Gebrauch kommen;

with use durch (ständigen) Gebrauch;

make use of Gebrauch machen von, benutzen;

make use of sb’s name sich auf jemanden berufen;

make (a) bad use of (einen) schlechten Gebrauch machen von;

make full use of sth etwas voll ausnützen;

peaceful uses pl of atomic energy friedliche Nutzung der Atomenergie

2. a) Verwendung(szweck) f(m)

b) Brauchbarkeit f, Verwendbarkeit f

c) Zweck m, Sinn m, Nutzen m, Nützlichkeit f:

of use (to) nützlich (dat), brauchbar oder von Nutzen (für);

of no use nutz-, zwecklos, unbrauchbar, unnütz;

is this of use to you? können Sie das (ge)brauchen?;

crying is no use Weinen führt zu nichts;

it is no ( oder it isn’t any) use talking es ist nutz- oder zwecklos zu reden, es hat keinen Zweck zu reden;

what is the use of it? was hat das (überhaupt) für einen Zweck?;

have no use for

a) nicht brauchen können,

b) mit etwas od jemandem nichts anfangen können,

c) bes US umg nichts übrighaben für jemanden od etwas;

put to (good) use (gut) an- oder verwenden;

this tool has different uses dieses Gerät kann für verschiedene Zwecke verwendet werden; → further B 1

3. Kraft f oder Fähigkeit f (etwas) zu gebrauchen, Gebrauch m:

he lost the use of his right eye er kann auf dem rechten Auge nichts mehr sehen;

have the use of one’s limbs sich bewegen können

4. Benutzungsrecht n:

have the use of sth etwas benutzen können oder dürfen

5. Gewohnheit f, Brauch m:

once a use and ever a custom (Sprichwort) jung gewohnt, alt getan

6. JUR

a) Nießbrauch m, Nutznießung f

b) Nutzen m

7. oft Use REL liturgischer Brauch, (Kirchen)Brauch m

* * *
1.
[ju:s] noun

1) Gebrauch, der; (of dictionary, calculator, room) Benutzung, die; (of word, expression; of pesticide, garlic, herb, spice) Verwendung, die; (of name, title) Führung, die; (of alcohol, drugs) Konsum, der

the use of brutal means/methods — die Anwendung brutaler Mittel/Methoden

the use of troops/teargas/violence — der Einsatz von Truppen/Tränengas/die Gewaltanwendung

constant/rough use — dauernder Gebrauch/schlechte Behandlung

[not] be in use — [nicht] in Gebrauch sein

be no longer in use — nicht mehr verwendet werden

be in daily etc. use — täglich usw. in Gebrauch od. Benutzung sein

come into use — in Gebrauch kommen

go/fall out of use — außer Gebrauch kommen

instructions/directions for use — Gebrauchsanweisung, die

ready for [immediate] use — [sofort] gebrauchsfertig

batteries for use in or with watches — Batterien [speziell] für Armbanduhren

a course for use in schools — ein Kurs für die Schule od. zur Verwendung im Schulunterricht

for the use of somebody — für jemanden

for personal/private use — für den persönlichen Gebrauch/den Privatgebrauch

for external use only — nur zur äußerlichen Anwendung

for use in an emergency/only in case of fire — für den Notfall/nur bei Feuer zu benutzen

with use — durch den Gebrauch

with careful etc. use — bei sorgsamer usw. Behandlung

make use of somebody/something — jemanden/etwas gebrauchen/ (exploit) ausnutzen

make the best use of something/it — das Beste aus etwas/daraus machen

make good use of, turn or put to good use — gut nutzen [Zeit, Talent, Geld]

put something to use — etwas verwenden

2) (utility, usefulness) Nutzen, der

these tools/clothes will be of use to somebody — dieses Werkzeug wird/diese Kleider werden für jemanden von Nutzen sein

is it of [any] use? — ist das [irgendwie] zu gebrauchen od. von Nutzen?

can I be of any use to you? — kann ich dir irgendwie helfen?

be [of] no use [to somebody] — [jemandem] nichts nützen

he is [of] no use in a crisis/as a manager — er ist in einer Krise/als Manager zu nichts nütze od. (ugs.) nicht zu gebrauchen

it's no use [doing that] — es hat keinen Zweck od. Sinn[, das zu tun]

you're/that's a fat lot of use — (coll. iron.) du bist ja eine schöne Hilfe/davon haben wir aber was (ugs. iron.)

what's the use of that/of doing that? — was nützt das/was nützt es, das zu tun?

what's the use? — was nützt es?

oh well, what's the use! — ach, was soll's schon! (ugs.)

3) (purpose) Verwendung, die; Verwendungszweck, der

have its/one's uses — seinen Nutzen haben

have/find a use for something/somebody — für etwas/jemanden Verwendung haben/finden

have no/not much use for something/somebody — etwas/jemanden nicht/kaum brauchen

put something to a good/a new use — etwas sinnvoll/auf neu[artig]e Weise verwenden

4) (right or power of using)

have the use of something — etwas benutzen können

[have the] use of kitchen and bathroom — Küchen- und Badbenutzung [haben]

let somebody have or give somebody the use of something — jemanden etwas benutzen lassen
2.
[ju:z] transitive verb

1) benutzen; nutzen [Gelegenheit]; anwenden [Gewalt]; einsetzen [Tränengas, Wasserwerfer]; in Anspruch nehmen [Firma, Agentur, Agenten, Dienstleistung]; nutzen [Zeit, Gelegenheit, Talent, Erfahrung]; führen [Namen, Titel]

do you know how to use this tool? — kannst du mit diesem Werkzeug umgehen?

anything you say may be used in evidence — was Sie sagen, kann vor Gericht verwendet werden

use somebody's name [as a reference] — sich [als Empfehlung] auf jemanden berufen

I could use the money/a drink — (coll.) ich könnte das Geld brauchen/einen Drink vertragen (ugs.)

use one's time to do something — seine Zeit dazu nutzen, etwas zu tun

2) (consume as material) verwenden

use gas/oil for heating — mit Gas/Öl heizen

the camera uses 35 mm film — für die Kamera braucht man einen 35-mm-Film

‘use sparingly’ — "sparsam verwenden!"

3) (take habitually)

use drugs/heroin — etc. Drogen/Heroin usw. nehmen

4) (employ in speaking or writing) benutzen; gebrauchen; verwenden

use strong language — Kraftausdrücke gebrauchen

5) (exercise, apply) Gebrauch machen von [Autorität, Einfluss, Können, Menschenverstand]

use diplomacy/tact [in one's dealings etc. with somebody] — [bei jemandem] diplomatisch vorgehen/[zu jemandem] taktvoll sein

he used all his strength — er wandte seine ganze Kraft auf

use a method/tactics — eine Methode anwenden/nach einer [bestimmten] Taktik vorgehen

6) (take advantage of)

use somebody — jemanden ausnutzen

7) (treat) behandeln

use somebody/something well/badly — jemanden/etwas gut/schlecht behandeln

8)

used to — (formerly)

I used to live in London/work in a factory — früher habe ich in London gelebt/in einer Fabrik gearbeitet

he used to be very shy — er war früher sehr schüchtern

my mother always used to say... — meine Mutter hat immer gesagt od. pflegte zu sagen...

this used to be my room — das war [früher] mein Zimmer

things aren't what they used to be — es ist nichts mehr so wie früher

he smokes much more than he used to — er raucht viel mehr als früher

I used not or I did not use — or (coll.)

I didn't use or (coll.) I use[d]n't to smoke — früher habe ich nicht geraucht

Phrasal Verbs:

- use up

* * *

v.

anwenden v.

ausführen v.

belegen v.

benutzen v.

gebrauchen v.

nutzen v.

verwenden v.

wahrnehmen (Vorteil, Gelegenheit) v. n.

Anwendung f.

Benutzung f.

Gebrauch -¨e m.

Inanspruchnahme f.

Nutzung -en f.

Verwendung f.

Verwendungszweck m.

English-german dictionary > use
19 business

['bɪznɪs]
n

1) дело, занятие

I am sick and tired of the whole business! — Мне все это осточертело! /Мне все это надоело!

I wash my hands of the whole business. — Я умываю руки и не хочу иметь ничего общего с этой историей!

What's his business? — Чем он занимается?

That's her business. — Это ее личное дело.

That's not my business! — Это меня не касается. /, то не мое дело.

Let me worry about my business. — Я сам разберусь со своими делами.

I am pressed with/by business. — Я завален работой.

- important business
- serious business
- strange business
- troublesome business
- risky business
- urgent business
- nasty business
- dirty business
- complicated business
- some unfinished business
- delicate business
- other business
- executive business
- everyday business
- stop-gap business
- touch-and-go business
- fascinating business
- other people's business
- smb's business
- business conversation
- business letter
- business meeting
- business life
- first main business of life
- business of a doctor
- journey on business
- no admittance except on business
- matter of business
- man of business
- man of no particular business
- on government business
- with no particalar business
- on business of importance
- on business about the election
- on the company's business
- come on business
- come on a particular business
- have an important business on hand
- proceed with the business of the day
- know one's business
- stick to attend to take to one's businesses
- make it one's own business
- state one's business
- mind one's own business
- send smb about his business
- have no business to ask such questions
- clear up the remaining business
- undertake the business
- complete the business
- know the business inside out
- make business a pleasure
- neglect business
- talk business
- mean business
- make a business of travel
- prefer business to law
- travel for business
- mix business with pleasure
- get down to business
2) предпринимательство, торговая деятельность, коммерческая деятельность, торговля

No business on account of holiday. — В праздники магазины не работают/не торгуют.

All business is stopped by strickes. — Все коммерческие операции приостановлены из-за забастовок.

We have gone through a lot of business. — Мы заключили ряд торговых сделок. /Мы решили ряд дел.

It will bring in more business. — Это расширит торговлю.

We shut up business at five. — Мы закрываемся в пять.

- local business
- profitable business
- wholesale business
- big business
- private business
- small business
- cash business
- commission business
- overseas business
- business relations
- business agreement
- business transaction
- business carrer
- businessman
- business part of the town
- smb's line of business
- various aspects of business
- a branch of business

- present state of business
- lull in business
- partner in business
- connections in business
- on commercial business
- do business in cotton
- do business in smb's name
- handle routine business
- hamper business
- be in business
- go into business
- have a good head for business
- conduct business on cash bassis
- affect business
- promote business
- reduce the scope of business
- do on conduct big business
- do fair business
- have skill in business
- do business with this firm
- build up business with this country
- prefer business to medicine
- start a small business with silk goods
- resume business
- negotiate business
- make the business a success
- accept business on these terms
- be connected in business
- be out of business
- close business for the Christmas holiday
- do much business with smb
- business as usual
- business is good
- business is slow
- business expands
- business is steadily shrinking
- business dropped off in the retail stores
- business goes on as usual
3) предприятие, дело, фирма

The business of the company has been transfered. — Фирма/контора этой компании переведена.

He is a manager of two different businesses. — Он директор двух разных фирм.

It is too expensive for my class of business. — Это слишком дорого для фирмы моего типа.

Business before pleasure. — ◊ Делу время, потехе час.

Business is business. — ◊ Дело есть дело.

Everybody's business is nobody's business. — ◊ У семи нянек дитя без глазу.

Hit-or-miss business. — ◊ Либо пан, либо пропал

- advertizing business
- trading business
- legitimate business
- paying business
- one-man business
- show business
- export business
- travel business
- banking business
- electric lighting business
- ruined business
- business interests
- business address
- business hours
- business suit
- business connected with banks
- business of one's own
- business of a quarter of million dollars
- order of business
- for business reasons
- set up a business as a grocer
- lose money by the business
- enter smb's business
- buy out a business
- establish a small business
- start a small business
- build up a small business
- carry on business
- run a business
- head a business
- wreck smb's business
- curtail one's business
- set up a private detective business
- be in the hotel business
- succeed to the family business
- put money into a business
- be in business with one's father
- enter one's father's business
- absorb the business of the old company
- advertize many small businesses for sale
- do business through another house
- take the business in hand
- have a business
- own a business
- run one's business
- sell out one's business
- give up one's business
- handle one's business
- lose business
- put one's business into smb's hands
- move the business to the centre
- business prospers

English-Russian combinatory dictionary > business

См. также в других словарях:

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